Phytopathology ( phyto - plant and pathology ) is the science of plant diseases caused by pathogens ( infectious diseases ) and environmental factors (physiological factors). It includes the development of means to combat diseases, the prevention of plant damage.
Content
Phytopathology in the USSR
Well-known phytopathologists:
- A. S. Bondartsev
- I.I. Vanin
- S. I. Vanin
- Yu. I. Vlasov
- N. A. Naumov
- S. I. Rostovtsev
- T. D. Strakhov
- A. A. Yachevsky
Causes of Plant Disease
According to modern concepts, diseases of higher plants can be classified according to their causes, as follows [1] :
- Infectious or biotic diseases:
- Diseases caused by fungi ( late blight , powdery mildew and downy mildew , smut of cereals , wheat rust );
- Diseases caused by prokaryotes ( crown gall , bacterial burn of fruit crops );
- Diseases caused by parasitic higher plants ( mistletoe , dodder , arceutobium ) and green algae;
- Diseases caused by viruses ( tobacco mosaic virus, bushy raspberry dwarf virus ) and viroids ( potato tuber tuberosity viroid );
- Diseases caused by nematodes ( bulb nematode );
- Diseases caused by unicellular eukaryotes ( cabbage cabbage );
- Diseases caused by damage to arthropods ( spider mites , aphids ).
- Non-infectious diseases caused by abiotic factors:
- Violation of plant physiology as a result of too high or low temperature;
- Violations due to flooding or drought;
- Disruption of life as a result of insufficient or excessive light;
- Violation of physiological processes as a result of a lack of oxygen;
- Violations associated with air pollution;
- Violations due to deficiency of mineral elements;
- Physiological disorders caused by the presence of toxic elements of mineral nutrition;
- Violations associated with increased or decreased acidity of the substrate;
- Disturbances in physiology as a result of toxic chemicals (pesticides);
- Physiological disturbances caused by improper plant cultivation practices.
Phytopathology sections
Phytopathology is based on data from the anatomy and physiology of plants, microbiology , mycology , genetics , selection and crop production.
Based on phytopathological studies in agriculture, a system is being built to protect plants from pests and diseases.
General phytopathology
The object of general phytopathology are:
- pathogens of diseases, causes and conditions of their occurrence,
- patterns of development, distribution, mass outbreaks (epiphytoties)
- general anatomical and physiological changes in diseased organisms
- immunity and plant quarantine
- organization of plant protection from pests and diseases
- preparation of disease outlook forecasts
- plant protection products and methods
Private Phytopathology
Private (special) phytopathology explores crop diseases.
Seed diseases are singled out as a separate discipline βplant seed pathologyβ (the author of the term is Danish scientist Pierre Nergor ).
Forest Phytopathology
The science of the diseases of trees and shrubs, of the destruction of dead wood.
Phytopathology of ornamental plants
Infectious diseases
Mushrooms
Oomycetes
Bacterial Disease
Among bacteria, there are also some phytopathogenic species, for example, Agrobacterium tumefaciens causes the formation of so-called " crown galls " and bacterial cancer in dicotyledonous plants , Pseudomonas syringae causes brown mucus, frostbite, fruit damage and leaf leaf spotting, bacteria of the genus Erwinia cause diseases of potatoes and other plants , called the black leg (subspecies E. carotovora subsp. carotovora ) and soft rot (subspecies E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica ). E. carotovora subsp. carotovora develops at temperatures below 18 Β° C and causes the βblack inkβ symptom, while E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica - above 18 Β° C and does not cause this symptom.
Diseases caused by viruses , viroids and virus-like organisms
Nematode Diseases
Phytopathology Journals
- Plant Protection (since 1956)
- Mycology and phytopathology (since 1967)
- Reports of the All-Union Order of Lenin Academy of Agricultural sciences them. V.I. Lenin (since 1936)
- Bulletin of Agricultural Science (since 1956)
- Agricultural Biology (since 1966)
- Chemistry in agriculture (since 1963)
See also
- Plant protection
- Mycology
- Pesticides
- Fungicides
Notes
- β Agrios, George N., 1936-. Plant pathology . - 5th ed. - Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press, 2005 .-- xxiii, 922 pages p. - ISBN 0120445654 , 9780120445653.
Literature
- Peresypkin V. F. Agricultural phytopathology, M., 1974;
- Zhuravlev I.I., Sokolov D.V., Forest phytopathology, M., 1969:
- Polyakov I. M., The chemical method of protecting plants from diseases, 2nd ed., L., 1971;
- Stepanov K.M., Chumakov A.E., Forecast of diseases of agricultural plants, 2nd ed., L., 1972;
- Methods of phytopathology, trans. from English, ed. M.V. Gorlenko , M., 1974; Peresypkin V.F.,
- Agricultural phytopathology, 2 ed., M., 1974;
- Tarr S. A., Fundamentals of plant pathology, trans. from English, ed. M.S. Lunin, M., 1975.
- Sankina E.M., Plant protection. Plant pathology. Textbook for self-study of discipline / NSAA. Nizhny Novgorod, 2005
- Viral diseases of berry crops and grapes = VIRUS DISEASES OF SMALL FRUITS AND GRAPEVINES (A HANDBOOK). UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DIVISION OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA, USA 1970 / Sukhova K. S .. - M .: Kolos, 1975.
- Tyurmorezov A.P. Grape diseases on the Don and how to recognize them, how to treat and protect vineyards from diseases .