Smorodina ( Smorodinka, Fiery river, Puchay-river , Nesei-river [1] ; from other Russian rite “ stench , strong, unpleasant, suffocating smell”) is a river in eastern Slavic fairy tales , epics and plots [2] . Separates the living world from the world of the dead [3] , an analogue of the ancient Greek Styx ; the barrier to be overcome by a person or his soul on the way to the "other world".
Content
- 1 Description
- 2 Names and etymology
- 3 Localizations
- 3.1 Localization in the South Russian lands
- 4 See also
- 5 notes
- 6 Literature
- 7 References
Description
The river acts as a boundary separating this world from the " other world ." In conspiracies from blood, it is connected with the motive of the carrier in the boat - an “old, seasoned man”, who cuts a blue dead body with a saber, and blue blood does not flow. There is a viburnum bridge on the river, on it is the “Millian Oak” [2] . The river is the habitat of the Gorynych Snake [1] .
Sometimes in epics (for example, in the epic “About Dobrynya Nikitich and the Serpent of Gorynych”) the river is called the fiery, tar, Puchay-river, possibly because the boiling river boils and swells [4] :
The fierce river
The fierce river, itself angry.
Because of the first trickle -
how the fire cuts.
From another trickle,
Sparks are raining down.
Because of the third trickle -
The smoke is blowing
The smoke is blowing
Yes, myself - with the flame [4] .- Bylina "Dobrynya and the Serpent"
Currants are widely known in Russian folklore. V.N. Mansikka and N.I. Korobka described it as a fiery (black) river separating the other world (hell) from the living world, the sulfur river, hence the stench. (However, the epic heroes sometimes want to get fresh water from the Currant.) Through the river of fire in a spiritual verse, Michael the Archangel transports the souls of the dead. She is the frontier of the other world, the barrier that the folklore hero who is traveling is forced to overcome. Hence the motive of the viburnum (red-hot) bridge [5] connected with it in epics, fairy tales and conspiracies, sometimes two or three bridges or transport, in which the hero fights with a serpent, Nightingale the Robber , miracle Judah , etc. In fairy tales human bones lie on the banks of Currant (see No. 137 in the collection of Afanasyev ), crossing is deadly. Heaped up with “dubai and little wells”, Currant appears to be the third outpost on the path of the epic Ilya Muromets from Chernigov to Kiev (the first is dark forests, the second is black mud), it is also found on the route of the wife of Stavr Godinovich Vasilisa ( Nastasya ) Nikulishny leaving on the same route . Folklore Currant is dangerous for a living person ("the black river is terrible Smorodinka"). In songs, the river currants ruins the young man for boasting, "speaks in a human voice, souls a red damsel, for words affectionate and low nods misses the young people, but drowns others for insults." For crossing it is necessary to tame, pacify. In a folk ballad, Prince Roman, having killed and tore his wife, throws her into the Smorodinka River; in another version, Prince Demyan threw the right hand of his wife with a golden ring "into the Neva River native." In Currant, epic heroes ( Dobrynya Nikitich , Alyosha Popovich ) and fairy-tale heroes ( Ivan Bykovich and his brothers) stop to rest; her Saul Levanidovich kills Tsar Kungur, and Dobrynya overtakes the hero Kuzma Semertsyaninov, nephew-enemy of Ilya Muromets. Here Alyosha Popovich finds the murdered Dobrynya Nikitich. On the Smorodin River, the kings of Levika, nephews of the King of Politovsky , stop during the raid on Russia, Konstantin (Roman) Dmitrievich, the werewolf prince, crosses her in the guise of a wolf to harm them and signal the battle.
- Yudin A.V. , 1997 [2]
For crossing the river, the river usually takes it “from a horse ford on a horse, and from a Kalinov’s bridge on a daring young man” [6] .
Names and Etymology
Known forms of the mythotonym: Smarodina, Currant, Currant, Smorodovka, Currant, Native and others. Also may be called Smugra (Smura), Suite, Svarog, Safat, Sahatar, Berezina, Volkhov, Kama, Nepra, Puchay [7] , Salfa river , Izrai River, Netecha [8] , as well as Omanai (that is, "fraudulent") [7] .
Currant Most often, the name of Currant is derived from the word dr. a kind of "stench, a strong, unpleasant, suffocating smell" [9] [10] . The name of the river, therefore, is interpreted as "stinking, fetid river" [11] . Its modern correspondence is “The Stinky River” from the song [12] . This point of view was expressed [11] by V. N. Mansikka [13] , N. I. Korobka [14] , V. I. Eremin [15] , T. N. Kondratyev [16] , L. V. Dorovskikh [17 ] .
ND Kvashnin-Samarin , assuming the primary form of Samorodin , explained Smorodin as a "native river", itself born, primitive, mythical prototype of all rivers [18] [11] .
Also, the name was derived from foolish - "dark" in connection with infernal symbols of black color. A.E. Krymsky proposed the source of the name the common Turkic hydronym " Samurdon " - "sable river" [19] [11] .
Puchai River . Dmitrieva E. N. , pointing out that sometimes in epics the river is called “Puchay-river”, suggests that this name is associated with the description of its “swelling, drilling” [4] .
Izrai River . Izrai probably refers to the pre-Slavic * rojí "flow, flow." Wed other ind. raya- "flow, pressure, onslaught" [20] .
Netecha . The word netecha as a geographical term is fixed in Ukrainian, Polish and Serbo-Croatian dialects and has the meaning of “still water, swamp”. The river has the ability to stop its flow under certain circumstances [21] .
Localization
Folklorists vainly sought out the real prototype of the river Currant [12] . It was brought closer to the river of the same name near the city of Karachev, Bryansk region, there were indications of the prevalence of hydronym in the Russian North ; of the anachronisms, the ancient Russian hydronyms Smerdy, Smerdel , Smerdits and others are known. According to epic data, it flows into the Volga [22] .
There is an epic poem about a certain prince Roman Vasilievich who killed his wife and threw her into the Smorodinka river [23] ; in another version, Prince Demyan threw his wife’s right hand “into the Neva River native” [2] .
To the assumption of G.Z. Bayer that the ancient name of the Moskva River was Smorodina, A. V. Yudin notes that it is probably based on a misunderstanding of folklore combinations like the "Moskva River Smorodina" [2] [24] .
In the epic "Tsar Saul Levanidovich" the Smorodina River is localized in the "Tatar, Polovsk lands." According to the plot, Konstantin Seulovich fights with the Tatars on this river, trying to take tribute from Kungur Tsar Samorodovich [25] .
Localization in South Russian lands
B. Rybakov believed that the epics contained distorted toponyms of the South Russian lands, and associated the Smorodin River with the Snieporod River (modern Samara , the left tributary of the Dnieper ), while the Puchay River connected with Smorodina with the Pochayna River in Kiev [ 26] . The Puchai River is associated with the Pochayna River and some other researchers [27] .
Also sometimes found is the name "Izrai River", mentioned in the epic as a synonym for "Safat River" and "Puchay River", which Dobrynya Nikitich went to bathe and met the Serpent Gorynych [28] [29] [30] . In the epic “Three Years Dobrynyushka Stolnichil”, the hero lived in Kiev, where his future witch-wife Marina met with the Serpent Gorynych, for which she was killed by Dobrynya [31] . In the epic "Alyosha Popovich", the Safat River is also described near Kiev; there, the hero kills the younger Tugarin Zmeevich , and later - the senior Tugarin Zmeevich, who is in Kiev the guest of honor of Prince Vladimir and the favorite of a certain Princess Aprakseevna [32] .
In the epic "Dyuk Stepanovich" emphasizes the great latitude of the Puchay River near Kiev - "in two fields ", which the heroes argue about jumping over; and in the vicinity is mentioned the rookery of the Serpent Gorynych “with twelve trunks” [33] .
In the epic “ Ilya Muromets and Nightingale the Robber ”, the Smorodina River is localized on the “direct-drive” road between Chernigov and Kiev [34] . Geographically, only the Dnieper, Desna (a tributary of the Dnieper) rivers, and two little-known rivers are located along this path.
It can be noted that in the epics the great Dnieper river is not mentioned, and the above-mentioned river is the only noted river in the vicinity of Kiev. Some researchers believe that the Israi [35] [36] and Safat [37] [21] [38] rivers are the Dnieper. Basically, these researchers are supporters of the "Khazar version" of the founding of Kiev , according to which Kiev was founded or had a significant influence in it by the Khazars - the steppe people who profess Judaism . According to this theory, the names "Izrai" are associated with Israel, and "Safat" with the Sambation river from Jewish legends. This river is on the edge of the earth, which boils and boils on ordinary days, and stops on Saturdays. Behind her live ten lost Israeli tribes. Samvatas is one of the medieval names of Kiev. It should be noted that these names are hapaks , having a single character, and that the Khazar theory has few supporters.
See also
- Kalinov bridge - a bridge across the river Smorodina
- Baba Yaga - the guardian of the borders of the kingdom of Death
- Styx - Aida River
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 Ivanov, Toporov, 1995 , p. 163.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Yudin, 1997 .
- ↑ Propp, 2000 , p. 186.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Dmitrieva, 2001 , p. 26–28.
- ↑ see about him: Kalashnik 1992; Khrolenko 1997; Udin 1997
- ↑ Toporkov, 1995 , p. 304.
- ↑ 1 2 Yudin, 1996 .
- ↑ Fight on Kalinov bridge // Belgorod State Museum of Folk Culture
- ↑ Smorod // Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language = Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch : in 4 volumes / auth. M. Fasmer ; per. with him. and add. Corr. USSR Academy of Sciences O. N. Trubacheva , ed. and with the foreword. prof. B. A. Larina [vol. I]. - Ed. 2nd, erased - M .: Progress , 1986-1987.
- ↑ Smorod // Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language : in 4 volumes / auth. V.I. Dahl . - 2nd ed. - SPb. : Printing house of M.O. Wolf , 1880-1882. - T. 4. - S. 242–243.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Yudin, 1996 , Yudin, 1997
- ↑ 1 2 Yudin, 1999 , p. 193.
- ↑ V.N. Mansikka , 1909, 10
- ↑ N.I. Box , 1910, 199
- ↑ V.I. Eremin , 1967, 145
- ↑ T. N. Kondratyev , 1967, 212-213
- ↑ L.V. Dorovskikh , 1977, 42
- ↑ Kvashnin-Samarin, 1871, p. 86-87
- ↑ Krimsky, 1973, p. 349—351
- ↑ Toporov V. Research on etymology and semantics. Volume 2. Indo-European languages and Indo-European studies. Book 2 - M .: Languages of Slavic cultures, 2006—728 p. - ISBN 5-9551-0157-2 - S. 207
- ↑ 1 2 Arkhipov A.A. About one ancient name of Kiev / Comp. Litvina A.F., Uspensky F.B. // From the History of Russian Culture. - M .: Languages of Slavic culture, 2002. - T. II. Prince 1. Kievan and Moscow Russia. - S. 39. - (Language. Semiotics. Culture).
- ↑ Yudin, 1996 , Yudin, 1997 , Yudin, 1999
- ↑ Collection of epic poems by K. Danilov, 1977 , Prince Roman lost his wife .
- ↑ A collection of epic poems by K. Danilov, 1977 , When it was a young man, it was a great time .
- ↑ Tsar Saul Levanidovich // Ancient Russian poems collected by Kirshey Danilov. - 2nd add. ed. - M .: Nauka, 1977 .-- 488 p. - (Lit. Monuments).
- ↑ Rybakov B.A. Culture of Russia of the IX — XIII centuries // Birth of Russia.
- ↑ Puchai River // Russian Humanitarian Encyclopedic Dictionary. - M .: Humanity. ed. Center VLADOS: Filol. Fak. St. Petersburg state University, 2002.
- ↑ A collection of epic poems by K. Danilov, 1977 , Dobrynya swam - a snake carried away .
- ↑ Modern folklore version: About Dobrynya Nikitich and the Serpent Gorynych // Russian heroes: [collection] / ed. I.V. Karnaukhova , G. Karnaukhova. - 2003. - (School library). - ISBN 9785457610064 .
- ↑ Dobrynya Nikitich // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
Gorynich // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907. - ↑ Collection of epic poems by K. Danilov, 1977 , Three years Dobrynyushka metropolitan .
- ↑ Collection of epic poems by K. Danilov, 1977 , Alyosha Popovich .
- ↑ Collection of epics by A.F. Hilferding, 1950 , Dyuk Stepanovich (In Turkey, in the rich ...) , No. 152.
- ↑ Collection of epics by A.F. Hilferding, 1950 , Ilya Muromets and Nightingale the Robber , No. 74.
- ↑ Khazaria - article from the Electronic Jewish Encyclopedia
- ↑ Taras Repin. Was ancient Kiev a Khazar city // Russian Seven, Almanac: journal. - 2018. - May 22 ( No. 1 (5) ).
- ↑ Sanbation // Jewish Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron . - SPb. , 1908-1913.
- ↑ Gurchenko L.A. III. Sambatas fortress on the Dnieper // Remove the devil from the little things. - 2016. - ISBN 978-5-906880-39-0 .
Literature
- Dmitrieva E. The river of fire flows ... // Science and Life : Journal. - 2001. - No. 7 . - S. 26–28 . - ISSN 0028-1263 .
- Ivanov V.V. , Toporov V.N. Dobrynya Nikitich // Slavic mythology. Encyclopedic Dictionary. - M .: Ellis Luck, 1995 .-- S. 162-164 . - ISBN 5-7195-0057-X .
- Kononenko A.A. Smorodina-river // Encyclopedia of Slavic culture, writing and mythology. - Kharkov: Folio, 2013 .-- ISBN 978-5-699-74860-0 .
- Propp V. Ya. Snake - guard of borders; // The historical roots of a fairy tale. Scientific editors, textual commentary by I.V. Peshkov. - M .: Labyrinth, 2000 .-- 336 p. - ISBN 5-87604-008-8 .
- Toporkov A. L. Crossing // Slavic mythology. Encyclopedic Dictionary. - M .: Ellis Luck, 1995 .-- S. 304-305 . - ISBN 5-7195-0057-X .
- Yudin A.V. Mythonym Smorodina // East Ukrainian linguistic collection / Ed. ed. E.S. Otin . - Donetsk: DonSU , 1996. - Vol. 2 . - S. S. 109–111 .
- Yudin A.V. Onomasticon of Russian conspiracies. Proper names in Russian magic folklore / Recipes: Dr. Phil. Sciences Zhuravlev A.F. , Karpenko Yu.A. , Tolstaya S.M. - M .: MONF, 1997 .-- 319 p. - (Moscow. Society. Scientific. Fund. Monographs; 4).
- Yudin A.V. Paganism in epics // Russian folk spiritual culture: Textbook. manual for university students / Rec. disk. A. G. Bakanursky. - M .: Higher school, 1999. - S. 193. - ISBN 5-06-003346-5 .
- Bernshtam T. A. Good fellow and the Currant River // Kunstkamera: Ethnographic notebooks. SPb., 1993. Issue. 1, p. 17-34.
- Ancient Russian poems collected by Kirshey Danilov . - 2nd add. ed. - M .: Nauka, 1977 .-- 488 p. - (Lit. Monuments).
- Onega epics recorded by A.F. Hilferding in the summer of 1871. - M.–L., 1950. - (Kiev epic cycle).