The hominids of the Shul-Kafzeh group is the name of the fossils of the hominids found in the caves of Kafzeh and Shul in Israel . They are classified as Homo sapiens , which makes these remains one of the oldest of this species in Eurasia . The Shul Cave is located on the slope of Mount Carmel , and Kafzeh is at the foot of Mount Galilee .
The remains found in the Schul cave (as well as those found in the Nahal-Mearot nature reserve and the Mugaret al-Zuttieh cave) were classified in 1939 by Arthur Kit and Theodor McCown as Palaeoanthropus palestinensis (a descendant of the Heidelberg man).
Content
- 1 History
- 2 Shul
- 2.1 Shul-5
- 3 Cafzeh
- 3.1 Kafzekh-6
- 3.2 Kafzekh-9 and Kafzekh-10
- 3.3 Kafzekh-11
- 3.4 Kafzekh-12
- 4 See also
- 5 Literature
- 6 notes
- 7 References
History
The found remains combine the features of both ancient and modern types of people. Tentatively, their age is from 80,000 to 120,000 years and was determined using EPR and thermoluminescent dating . The skull is similar to the modern human, but they have a facial profile similar to Neanderthals . Initially, they were considered as a transition from Neanderthals to modern man, or as a hybrid of Neanderthals and Homo sapiens . The remains of Neanderthals were found in Kebara cave and range in age from 48,000 to 60,000 years, however, it was assumed that the hominids that belong to the remains of the Shul-Kafzekh group died out due to climatic changes 80,000 years ago, which suggests a lack of contact between two species in the region. A more modern hypothesis suggests that the remains reflect the first mass migration of people from Africa about 125,000 years ago (most likely via the Sinai Peninsula ), and that Neanderthal features are in fact those of the ancient representatives of Homo sapiens .
In hominids of the Schul-Kafzeh group (Middle Paleolithic Modern Humans), exostosis of the external auditory meatus ( ) occurs in 25% of cases, while in Neanderthals in 56% of cases (47.8%, if two case), in sapiens of the Early / Middle Upper Paleolithic - in 20.8% of cases, in sapiens living in the Late Upper Paleolithic - not more than 9.5% of cases [1] .
Schul
The remains of the Shul Cave were found between 1929 and 1935 in a cave on Mount Carmel. The remains of 7 adults and 3 children were found, some of which are said to have been buried. Also, shellfish of the Nassarius species were found near the remains, which suggests that they were collected as ornaments (since eating them is unlikely). The 100-thousand-year-old adder bone of Schul IV has morphological resemblance to the ram (adrenal) bone of a hominid from the Siberian Baigara , 43 thousand years old [2] [3] .
Shul-5
A lower jaw of a wild boar was found on the chest of a remains called Shul-5. The protruding jaw is visible in the skull, but the skull itself is rounded, as in modern humans. Upon detection, he was attributed to the Neanderthals, but at the moment it is considered a modern person with an extremely strong physique. The occipital bone, found on Merovsky Island in the Saratov Region , is similar to the archaic sapiens of Schul V [4] .
Cafzeh
At a distance of 35 km from the Kafzekh cave, species of bivalve mollusks were found, which were used as a necklace.
Kafzekh-6
The best preserved skull. Judging by the structure of the skull and teeth, these remains belong to a young man.
Kafzekh-9 and Kafzekh-10
In 1969, close to each other, the remains of two bodies were found - an adult woman (Kafzekh-9) and a child (Kafzekh-10). Kafzekh-9 had a high forehead and a protruding chin.
Kafzekh-11
In 1971, in a dug hole, remains were found belonging to a teenager (about 13 years old). The skeleton was lying on its back, and in its hands were the horns of a red deer.
Kafzekh-12
A child of about 3 years old with a skull structure similar to hydrocephalus.
See also
- Kesem Cave
Literature
- Emmanuel Anati. Funeral customs of the Middle Paleolithic // Palestine before the ancient Jews . - 2017.
- Stanislav Drobyshevsky . The missing link. Book 2. People . - 2017.
- Alexander Markov. The evolution of man. Monkeys, bones and genes . - 2017.
Notes
- ↑ External auditory exostoses among western Eurasian late Middle and Late Pleistocene humans , 2019
- ↑ Drobyshevsky S.V. New data on human evolution
- ↑ Razhev D.I. , Kosintsev P.A. , Kuzmin Ya. V. Pleistocene talus ( os talus ) of a person from the location of Baigar (center of Western Siberia)
- ↑ Kharitonov V. M. Findings of fossil hominids in Eastern Europe and adjacent regions of Asia (Part 2)