Khiva

The legend of the founding of the city tells that the city grew around the Heyvak well, from which water had an amazing taste, and the well was dug by order of Shem , the son of the biblical Noah ^[2] . In Ichan-Kala (the inner city of Khiva), today you can see this well. Khiva was one of the cities of ancient Khorezm , which was a large state located in the west of Central Asia, south of the Aral Sea.

According to archaeological data, Khiva was founded more than 2500 years ago. In ancient times, the city was known as Heyvak. According to legend, Khiva was founded by one of the prophets. In its history, the city survived the Achaemenid conquest and the heyday when the borders of ancient Khorezm extended to Colchis.

From 305 to 995, Khorezm, which included Khiva, was ruled by the Afigid dynasty . Of the ancient kings of Khorezm, the names of the rulers who issued their coins are still known. This is Arthav, ruler of the 1st century AD. Of the subsequent kings, Artramush (the end of the 2nd – beginning of the 3rd century AD ^[3] ), Wazamar (the second half of the 3rd century AD) and others ^{[4] are} known.

Under the Afigids, various pagan cults were spread in Khorezm, but Zoroastrianism prevailed. It is generally recognized that the Afigids professed the Khorezm version of Zoroastrianism right up to Islamization under Abdullah ibn Turksabas (Khorezm subdued Muslim influence in 712 under the influence of Kuteib ibn Muslim , who intervened in a local civil war); the role of the mythological founding hero was played by Siyavush , they also performed rituals and sacrifices dedicated to Siyavush. It is believed that the rulers of Khorezm, including the Afrigids, developed a cult of the goddess Ardvisura- Anahita , the images of her symbols are found on coins from the 2nd century BC to the 8th century AD ^[5] .

Khorezmians buried the bones of the dead in ossuaries, which were placed in nausa - such as mausoleums. Many dozens of diverse ossuaries were found in Khorezm, among them the oldest in Central Asia (the turn of the 5th – 4th centuries BC). In Sassanid Iran, where Zoroastrianism was a dogmatic religion, almost no ossuaries and nausa were found. Obviously, this tradition was characteristic of the Zoroastrians of Central Asia, namely Khorezm ^[6] .

In 712, Khiva was captured by the Arabs of Kuteiba Ibn Muslim .

The end of the rule of the Afrigid dynasty was laid in 995 , when Mamun ibn Muhammad came to power and founded a new dynasty of Khorezmshahs, Mamunids, with the capital in Kunya Urgench .

In the years 995-1017 Khorezm was ruled by the Mamunid dynasty. In 1017, Khorezm turned out to be dependent on Mahmud Ghaznevi .

In the second half of the 11th century, Khiva was dependent on the Seljukids . In 1097, the Anushteginid dynasty came to power.

In the 9th-12th centuries, in addition to many Islamic educational institutions, large centers of science successfully operated in Khorezm: astronomy, mathematics, medicine, chemistry, etc. The “House of Wisdom”, in fact, the academy of sciences created by the then ruler Al-Mamun in Baghdad , led by a native of Khorezm Muhammad al-Khorezmi . Already in the 9th century, his fundamental works on mathematics, geography, and geodesy were known in Europe and have not lost their significance to this day.

A huge scientific legacy was left by Al-Biruni , Najm ad-din Kubra and other scholars and theologians whose names are also associated with Khorezm. Nadzhmu-d-din Abul al-Janib Ahmad ibn Umar al-Khorezmi known as Najm ad-din al-Kubra (1145, Khiva - 1221, Urgench) was born in Khiva, a Khorezm mystic and theologian, author of numerous philosophical and theological treatises, Sufi sheikh and poet.

A famous scientist from Khiva was Shihab ad-Din Abu Sa'd ibn 'Imran. He was an outstanding lawyer, Mufti of the sense of al-Shafi'i. He also had knowledge of lexicology, medicine, dialectics, linguistics, and the science of good governance. He taught in the five madrasas of Khorezm. He was killed by the Mongols ^[7] .

In 1220, the city was destroyed by the armies of Genghis Khan .

Khiva was not originally the capital of Khorezm . Historians say that in 1598 the Amu Darya (a large river whose sources are located in the Pamirs , at an altitude of 2495 m) retreated from the former capital of Urgench (formerly Gurganj). The Amu Darya , flowing through the territory of the Khanate, flowed into the Caspian Sea along the old channel known as Uzboy ^[8] , supplying residents with water, as well as providing a waterway to Europe. Over the centuries, the river has radically changed its channel several times. The last turn of the Amu Darya at the end of the 16th century ruined Gurganj. At a distance of 150 km from modern Khiva, not far from the village of Kunya-Urgench (territory of Turkmenistan ), which means "old Urgench", are the ruins of the ancient capital.

After this, Khiva became a part of the Muslim world. Despite dependence on the Arabs, the Afigids retained power until the end of the 10th century.

In 1511, Khiva became part of a state ruled by the Shaybanid dynasty.

In 1598, when the city became the capital of the Khiva Khanate , it was a small fortified town, which by that time had a 10-century history ^[2] .

In 1618, Shibanid Arab Muhammad Khan built a madrasah in Khiva. In a short period, Khiva became one of the spiritual centers of the Islamic world.

The Khiva khan Abulgazi Bahadur Khan is known as the author of two historical works: The Genealogy of Turkmens (completed by 1661) and The Genealogy of Turks (published in Kazan , 1852 , and in Petersburg, 1871 ). He wrote in Uzbek the history of the genera of Genghis Khan and Shaiban .

After the death of Yadigar Khan, Shergazi Khan ascended the throne of Khorezm. He was a descendant of the Sultan of Gazi Khan, the eldest son of Ilbars Khan. Shergazi Khan was born in Bukhara ^[9] , where his ancestors moved, possibly due to political turmoil in Khorezm. Shergazi Khan graduated from the madrasah in Bukhara and was a very educated person.

He stood out for his abilities among other representatives of the dynasty, so he was called sahibqiran ^[9] , just like Amir Timur.

In 1717, on the outskirts of Khiva, the battle of the 20,000th army of Shergazi Khan and the 4,000th expeditionary detachment of A. Bekovich-Cherkassky took place , formally ending with the victory of the Russians. However, having lost his vigilance, Bekovich-Cherkassky then allowed to divide his detachment into several parts, which were individually destroyed by the Khivaites; the commander himself paid for it with his life. In 1740, Khiva was captured by the Persian army of Nadir Shah , who freed hundreds of Russian prisoners - participants in the unsuccessful campaign of 1717.

The flourishing of Khiva as a city, the construction of many monumental architectural structures took place in the XVIII - early XX centuries, when the Uzbek Kungrat dynasty ruled the state.

In the XVIII century, the main political force in the Khiva Khanate was Uzbek tribes: Kungrats (Uzbeks) and Naimans ^[10] . In the struggle for power in the second half of the 18th century, the Uzbek Kungrat tribe won.

In 1763, a representative of the Uzbek clan Kungrat Muhammad Amin came to power in Khorezm (in Russian historiography it was called the Khiva Khanate), who had the title of Inak . By order of Muhammad Amin, a multi-columned Friday mosque and minaret ( 1788 - 1789 ) were built in Khiva in Ichan-Kala .

In 1793-1794, a medical officer Blankennagel visited Khiva, who went to Khiva from St. Petersburg to cure the eyes of a local ruler who, during the trip, was collecting various information about this country. He left a detailed description of Khiva, its geographical location, natural wealth, population and foreign trade, including data on trade with Russia ^[11] .

The ruler of Khorezm, Muhammad Rakhim Khan I (1806-1825), besides his native Uzbek, knew Persian and Arabic. He was the patron of science and the arts. During the reign of Khiva, the Kutlug Murad Inaka madrasah, the Bagbanly mosque , etc. were built in Khiva. In 1815, on the orders of Muhammad Rahim Khan, a new throne was made, lined with silver with a basmen pattern. Currently, it is stored in one of the museums in Moscow . During this period, the Khiva historian Munis Khorezmi actively worked on compiling the general history of Khorezm .

Allakuli Khan (1825-1845) was keenly interested in events in the world and studied foreign languages. Unlike all Central Asian rulers contemporary to him, he freely read and wrote in Russian ^[12] . During the reign of Allakuli Khan, the Palace of Tash-Khauli ( 1830 - 1832 ), a madrasah ( 1834 - 1835 ), a caravanserai ( 1832 - 1833 ), tim (a trading dome), Saitbay mosque, Ak-mosque, etc. were built in Khiva. In 1842, Khiva was surrounded by a six-kilometer external wall ( Dishan-kala ), which was built in 30 days. In the era of the reign of Allakuli Khan, such poets as Munis Khorezmi , Rogzhih, Delawar, Said Mirza Dzhunayd, Mirza Masiho created in Khiva. The historians Munis Khorezmi and Agahi wrote the history of Khorezm .

In 1839, there were 20 thousand inhabitants in Khiva; there were four gates in the fortress.

During the reign of Muhammad Amin Khan (1845–1855), the largest madrasah named after him was built in Khiva. 260 students studied at the madrasah. The construction of the famous Kalta-Minar minaret was also begun. The historian Agahi wrote the history of Khorezm .

In 1856, after his death, the son of Muhammad Rahim Khan I Said Muhammad Khan ( 1856 - 1864 ) came to power in the Khiva Khanate. In 1863, Said Muhammad Khan received the famous traveler Arminia Vambury . During the reign of Said Muhammad Khan, a kurinishkhan was built in Khiva. In these years, the historian Agahi wrote the history of Khorezm . Among the famous people of Khorezm was a composer, calligrapher, painter Kamil Khorezmi ( 1825 - 1899 ).

In 1864, his son Muhammad Rahim Khan II ( 1864 - 1910 ) came to power in the state. He was an educated ruler, in his youth he studied at the Arab Muhammad Khan Madrasah in Khiva. One of his teachers was an outstanding Uzbek poet, historian Agahi .

In 1873, during a major military operation under the command of the Governor-General of Turkestan KP Kaufman, the Russian Empire annexed part of the Khiva Khanate ; the city of Khiva itself was taken by Russian troops on June 10, 1873 ^[13] . These lands became part of the Amu Darya department of the Syr-Darya region of the Turkestan region . Slavery in the region was over.

Muhammad Rahim Khan II was the last independent khan of Khorezm. In 1873 , despite resistance, the khanate fell under the protectorate of Russia. Muhammad Rahim Khan II was an enlightened monarch, a famous poet and composer. He wrote poetry under the pen name Firuz . He organized the translation of many famous literary and scientific works into the Uzbek language. During the reign of Muhammad Rahim Khan II, new madrassas and mosques were built in Khiva. One of the madrassas was built at his personal expense and was named after him - Muhammad Rahim Khan II Madrasah . In these years, the historian Agahi wrote the history of Khorezm . Among the famous people of Khorezm was a composer, calligrapher, painter Kamil Khorezmi ( 1825 - 1899 ).

The Khiva khans archive under the reign of Muhammad Rahim Khan, was taken to St. Petersburg in 1873, where it was later discovered by P.P. Ivanov .

Under the auspices of Muhammad Rahim Khan II in Khorezm, Atajan Abdalov organized printing.

In 1910, Muhammad Rahim Khan II passed away and his son Asfandiyar Khan ( 1910 - 1918 ) came to power in the state. During the reign of Asfandiyar Khan, new madrassas and mosques were built in Khiva. In 1912, the reception hall of Asfandiyar Khan was built. It was a separate building in the complex of the Nurillaboy Palace , which housed several ceremonial halls of various shapes, and among them - the throne room, decorated in the spirit of Russian Art Nouveau. Khan Asfandiyar ordered many design elements of this palace at the St. Petersburg Imperial Porcelain Factory.

Photographer and first Uzbek film director Khudaibergen Divanov shot the first Uzbek documentary film about leaving Asfandiyar Khan on a chaise with his heir in 1910 .

At the beginning of the 20th century, large-scale construction was organized at the initiative of the Prime Minister Islam Khoja in Khiva. For example, madrasahs and a minaret were built, which received a name in his honor, which became one of the symbols of the city. A city hospital was also built, a gift to Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich and a city post office (Both buildings are now used for their intended purpose). The building of the city post office is an architectural monument, a building under the protection of UNESCO, it houses the postal museum.

In 1918, units of the Red Army overthrew the power of the Khiva Khan. In 1920, Khiva became the capital of the Khorezm Soviet People's Republic . November 22, 1924 the last session of the Central Executive Committee of the KSSR was held. Pursuant to the decree of the Kurultai I of the Soviets on the national-state demarcation of the republic, despite heated discussions, the session announced the transfer of the Khojeylinskaya region (Kipchak and Ktay districts) to the Karakalpak region, Turkmen region (Dargan-Ata and Sadivara) - the Turkmen SSR, the rest of the territory Khorezm became part of the Uzbek SSR. In 1924, the lands of the Khorezm oasis became part of the Uzbek and Turkmen SSR , which became independent in 1991.

Khorezm occupies a special place in the list of values ​​of universal significance as a major center of world civilization and one of the important centers on the Great Silk Road . In 1997, Khiva celebrated its 2500th anniversary.

Among the unique values ​​of world significance are the architectural monuments of Khiva, which rightfully won the title of "museum city".

The appearance of modern Khiva is formed mainly by the architecture of the period of the Khiva Khanate of the late XVIII - early XX centuries . But archaeological excavations conducted here show that at the base of a number of relatively "young" remains of buildings lie the ancient layers dating back to the 3rd and even earlier centuries BC. e.

The Ichan Kala complex is protected as a UNESCO World Heritage Site .

Most of Khiva's architectural masterpieces are concentrated in its urban core - Ichan-Kale . This is a "city in a city" surrounded by powerful fortified walls, in which there are four gates - on each side of the world. One of the main highways ran from the western gate to the east, along which the main monumental structures are concentrated.

From the observation tower, Ak-Sheikh-bobo Ichan-Kala is visible in full view. The unusual silhouette of the Kalta-Minar minaret, as if cut to the middle, attracts attention. Its massive trunk, exquisitely decorated with wide and narrow belts of glazed brick, indicates that it was conceived by a grandiose, majestic structure, the main vertical of the city. But after the death of the ruler, during which the minaret was being built, he remained unfinished, having received the name Kalta - Short.

Very close to Kalta-Minar - the Muhammad Amin Khan Madrasah , the largest of the buildings of higher theological institutions that have been preserved here. Особенность его архитектуры — сдвоенные худжры — кельи для проживания студентов. Замечательно украшают здание пояса цветных кирпичных наборов, майоликовые облицовки.

На территории Куня-Арка — Старой крепости — расположен дворец Мухаммад-Рахим-хана , с богатым и необычным декором внутреннего убранства: стены зала отделаны резьбой по ганчу с окраской. Соседнее двухэтажное здание — это гарем. Здесь множество богатых палат, жилых комнат.

Удивительна по красоте мечеть Джума (X век, 1788) На входных дверях её сохранилась датировка строительства: 1778—1782 годы. Но вот 210 колонн мечети, поддерживающие кровлю, имеют возраст гораздо старше — от XII до XV веков. Колонны примечательны своей удивительной стройностью, богатой орнаментальной резьбой. Они были доставлены сюда с других древних построек и потому многие колонны уникальны и внешне не похожи друг на друга.

У ворот Палван-Дарваза находится целый ансамбль зданий. Особое место занимает здесь главный дворец хивинских ханов Таш-Хаули . Неповторимы архитектура его многочисленных апартаментов, декоративное убранство. Здесь и орнаментальная резьба по дереву, и майоликовые облицовки, и фигурные картуши…

Дворец Курныш-хана предназначался для пышных приёмов. Когда-то здесь в тронном зале стоял деревянный трон, украшенный чеканкой по серебру на красном фоне. Здание имеет прекрасный айван с колоннами. Дворец также примечателен богатейшей майоликовой облицовкой стен с затейливыми орнаментами.

Мемориальный комплекс Пахлаван-Махмуда выстроен в память о почитаемом хивинском поэте, который после смерти был канонизирован как святой покровитель города.

Рядом 45-метровый минарет Ислам-Ходжа , увенчанный сквозным фонарём с куполом наверху.

Во внешней части города — Дишан-Кала тоже немало старинных памятников архитектуры.

• Минареты Хивы
• Хорезм
• Хивинское ханство
• Хорезмская Народная Советская Республика
• Хорезмская Социалистическая Советская Республика
• Ургенч
• Куня-Ургенч
• Басмачество
• Стены и ворота Хивы

• Захидов П. Ш. Хива. Путеводитель. — Ташкент: Издательство ЦК КП Узбекистана, 1980. — 64 с.
• Я. Г. Гулямов Памятники города Хивы , Труды УФ АН СССР, 1941 год.

Исторические исследования

• Жуковский С. В. Сношения России с Бухарой и Хивой за последнее трёхсотлетие. = Сношенія Россіи съ Бухарой и Хивой за послѣднее трехсотлѣтіе. - SPb. , 1915. — 225 с.
• Руссов С. В. Путешествие самарского купца Рукавкина в 1753 году, с приобщением разных известий о Хиве с отделенных времен доныне. = Путешествіе самарскаго купца Рукавкина, въ 1753 году, съ пріобщеніемъ разныхъ извѣстій о Хивѣ съ отдаленныхъ временъ доныне.. — СПб. : Типография Министерства Внутренних дел, 1840. — 56 с.

• Официальный сайт Хивы
• Фото Хивы
• Хива. Достопримечательности Хивы. Гостиницы Хивы (Russian) (недоступная ссылка) . Centralasia-travel.com. Дата обращения 1 мая 2013. Архивировано 26 марта 2012 года.
• Feruza Jumaniyozova - "Zangini" - ウ ズ ベ ク の 音 楽 - 720p (HD) on YouTube