Bankotaler

In the Hamburg Bank created in 1619, the bank taller was equated with a full-fledged Reichstaller ^{[1] [2]} . According to the Augsburg coin charter, they were supposed to contain ¹ ⁄ _{9 of the} Cologne mark of pure silver ^[3] . This corresponded to 29.23 g of silver 889 samples, or 25.98 g of pure silver ^{[4] [1] [2]} . The Hamburg Bank, like other financial institutions, sought to have a full-fledged coin in its vaults. Due to spoilage, money in real circulation in most cases did not correspond to the declared weight characteristics and the amount of precious metal contained in them. The introduction of bank talers allowed to solve this problem ^[5] . At the same time, being the accounting unit of a particular bank, the cost of a bank taller could be changed by a decision of a financial institution. So, from the 1690s ^{[6], the} bank taller did not correspond to the imperial Reichstaller with the characteristics of 1566, but to the Dutch albertustaler . Thus, its cost was reduced from ¹ ⁄ ₉ to ¹ ⁄ _{9 25 the} weight of the Cologne brand of pure silver ^[7] .

One bank taller of the Hamburg Bank corresponded to 3 bankers ^[7] , 48 bank-shilling and 486 bank-pfennig ^[8] . In the first half of the 19th century, one Cologne brand of pure silver (233.855 g) corresponded to 27 bank brands and 10 bank shillings. In the name of the person who deposited 1000 marks of silver, 27,625 marks of bank notes were written. The deposited funds were issued back with the retention of 2 bank shillings from each brand of pure silver ^[9] .

The innovation of the Hamburg Bank was revolutionary for its time in a number of ways. Unlike other coins, the bank taller had a constant, unchanging value. Funds deposited by a private person received a fixed value, which was not dependent on the damage of the coin. When conducting trading operations in the presence of a mass of monetary units in circulation, there was a constant need to compare them. The presence of a unit with a constant value made it possible to create a standard against which the value of a coin was determined ^[10] . These features made it possible to write bank talers in “ ideal coins ”, that is, in a constant measure of value , which was understood as a fixed amount of precious metal ^[11] . They are also referred to as transferable coins , that is, those which are issued under the conditions of several monetary systems, in order to equate different monetary stops to each other ^[12] .

In Hamburg itself, the bank taller remained the unit of account that existed until the second half of the 19th century ^[8] . The system itself was widespread and was adopted by other German, Italian, Amsterdam, Riga and English banks ^[8] .

The decision of the Hamburg Bank to consider Albertustaler, rather than the Reichstaller, as a bank taler, had consequences for money circulation in the German states. In 1695 and 1696, in the Elector of Brandenburg , coins were issued with the characteristics of an albertustaler. This is directly stated on the coin “NACH DEM FUES DES BURGUND THALERS” ^[13] , which in a free translation means “On the monetary stop of the Burgundy thaler”. They began to be called either Albertustal, according to weight characteristics, or bank talers, due to the correspondence of the Hamburg accountable monetary unit ^{[14] [7]} .

In 1701, Elector of Brandenburg Frederick III became king of Prussia , and the province of Brandenburg itself became the province of the new kingdom. In 1765, the opened in Berlin. At the opening, it was decided that the bank's main unit of account would be a bank taller with a total weight of 28.13 g of silver of the 792nd test ^[1] . Conventional thalers contained 22.27 g of silver of the 750th sample ^{[6] [15]} . Thus, the bank taller of the central bank of the state was more full-bodied in comparison with the chimera, minted according to the standards of the Grauman coin ^[16] . The difference also consisted in the fact that chimera thalers were divided into 24 pennies , while bank talers were divided into 32 pennies (similar to Hamburg) ^[6] . The minted 100 thousand coins of 1765 were placed in the state treasury. They did not fall into wide circulation. In 1790, the entire circulation was remelted ^{[6] [15]} .

There are two coin types of Prussian bank talers. The first of 1765 is shown in the figure and has the designation of the face value "EIN BANCO THALER" ^{[17] [18]} . The second issue, 1766 and 1767, contains a circular inscription on the reverse of “NACH DEM FVS DER ALBERTVS THALER”, which in a free translation means “on the monetary foot of the Albertustaler” ^{[19] [20]} . Coins of 1766 were minted in Magdeburg , 1767 in Berlin. For 2017, only one surviving instance of 1766 is known. The circulation of 1767 is 2075 copies ^[21] .

Polish-Saxon coins of 1702 and 1754 of production almost all available numismatic sources ^{[22] [23] [24] [15] are} classified as bank talers. Moreover, the explanation in connection with what exactly these, and not other numerous imitations of Albertustalers, are bank talers, is absent.

In 1697, the Saxon Elector, who went down in history as Augustus the Strong, took the Polish throne. In 1702, 3 types of bank tellers were issued at the ^{[22] [24]} . These coins can be attributed to both German (Saxon) and Polish ^{[23] [24] [25]} . The fate of one of the coins turned out to be so extraordinary that it was called the Beichlingtaler ^[22] by the name of the person responsible for the release of the great Chancellor .

The next issue of Polish bank talers was dated 1754 ^{[24] [26]} .

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