Lobanchik is an outdated Russian folk name for gold coins of the 16th – 19th centuries. Researchers have no consensus as to which particular coins are hidden behind it. So, philologists ( Ushakov , Efremova and others) associate a small loaf with French louis and Russian semi-imperials (golden five-ruble ), which contain 5.8-7.5 g of pure gold. The numismatists ( Spassky , Zvarich , Uzdenikov and others) unanimously call the Dutch ducats or chervonets (3.3-3.5 g of pure gold) and their copies minted in St. Petersburg in the XVIII-XIX centuries unanimously.
In the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language (1863-1866) by Vladimir Dahl , the following definition of the word “forehead” is given: “French gold, on which the head is depicted; sheaf, chervonets ” [1] , which provides the basis for both of the above interpretations. "French gold, on which the head is depicted" is some kind of louis; “Sheaf, chervonets” are ducats in general and Dutch ducats, in particular.
Content
Luidor and the semi-imperial
By the beginning of the French Revolution, the main gold coin of France was louis , whose design, as a rule, used the profile of the monarch. At the same time, the sample and the gold content in the coin changed over time (from 6 to 7.5 g). It has become stable since 1803 with the start of the production of Napoleonders , coins of 900th denomination of 20 francs with a total weight of 6.4516 grams with a pure gold content of about 5.8 grams. With a changing design, but a stable foot and gold content, they were minted throughout the 19th century [2] [3] [4] [5] .
S. Rozanov, an employee of the Numismatics Department of the State Hermitage Museum , making the assumption that at some point any gold coins of foreign minting could be called lozenges in Russia, notes: “An explanation of the fact that the donut loom corresponds to a twenty-franc French coin is available in the case of the Special Chancellery for Secret . parts Min. Fin from 1838 ” [6] . The 1838 French coin of 1838 is a type of Napoleondor.
Luidans were considered to be the Dal and Saltykov-Shchedrin lobanks [6] . In Dahl, this is "French gold, which depicts the head." A similar definition is given in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language (Ushakov) : “gold coin, prim. French gold, on Krom there was an image of the head " [7] . The same interpretation in the dictionary of Ephraim : “a gold coin with the image of the head” [8] . Saltykov-Shchedrin gave a detailed description of the coin in the Diary of a provincial in St. Petersburg (1872) [9] :
| In the forties, the French coin with the image of one of the Bourbons, which are known to have large open foreheads, was called “Lobanchik” in Russian trade. This coin was almost always worn out and went a little lower than the twenty twenty-francoviks of later coinages. |
Lobanchiki are mentioned in Nekrasov ’s poem, " Who Should Live Well in Russia " (1866-1876). In her academic publication, in a note to the phrase “And half the caps were brought to the gentleman of the“ loafers, ”it is specified that this is the name of semi-imperials [10] . A little earlier, pillows are found in the text of the poem when listing varieties of domestic Russian banknotes of that time: gold imperials and semi-imperials (“pillboxes,” according to the note above), silver rubles (“rubles”), copper coins and paper banknotes (“bank notes”) :
They carry money to Yermila, |
Ducat and the chervonets
In 1252, in Florence , the production of gold coins began weighing about 3.5 grams, which later became known as florins . In 1284, their imitations appeared in the Venetian Republic - guilds , which later received the name " ducats ." Together, this type had a significant impact on the monetary systems of many European countries, which minted coins of the same type, that is, containing about 3.5 grams of pure gold. In Russia, the name “ chervonets ” was assigned to them, which was applied both to foreign coins weighing about 3.5 g, and to identical coins of their own minting [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] .
In the XVII-XVIII centuries, Dutch ducats became one of the most common coins of this type. To finance the campaigns of the Russian army, as well as for other operations abroad from 1735 to 1867, copies of these ducats, which were called the “famous coin” in official documents, were secretly minted in St. Petersburg. The national names of the coins are “arapchik” and “bundle”. The first name was probably due to the fact that the warrior depicted on the coin evoked associations with the “ Arap, ” and the second from a beam of arrows in his hands [17] .
The fact that chervonets, sheaf was also called foreheads is still noted by Dahl. But in numismatic literature, it is precisely this point of view that becomes dominant. The numismatist S. A. Rozanov, specially dealing with this issue, writes [6] :
| Dahl and Saltykov-Shchedrin refer the nickname “little muffin” to French louis. However, tradition, still in my memory at the end of the XIX century. preserved by collectors and money changers - the main agents of numismatic trade, unanimously applied the terms lobanchik and arapik to the Dutch gold coins of Russian coinage. |
Among the popular names of the Dutch gold coins of Russian coinage “Lobanchik” mention the numismatists Spassky [18] and Uzdenikov [19] . A detailed definition of the term is given in the Numismatic Dictionary of Zvarich . At the same time, it is noteworthy that, in the dictionary, not only imitations, but also original coins of Dutch minting are named as small cubs [20] :
| Lobanchik is the Russian folk name for Dutch ducats and Russian imitations of them from the 16th to the 19th centuries. (also “arachnik”, “beam”). The name “little pillow” came from the image of a warrior who had his forehead shaved, taken into the soldiers. |
Notes
- ↑ Dahl, 2006 , Forehead .
- ↑ NS, 1980 , Luidor .
- ↑ CH, 1993 , Luidor .
- ↑ National Assembly, 1980 , Napoleondor .
- ↑ CH, 1993 , Napoleondor .
- ↑ 1 2 3 Rozanov, 1945 , p. 145-146.
- ↑ Ushakov Dictionary, Lobanchik (inaccessible link)
- ↑ Efremova, 2000 , Lobanchik .
- ↑ Saltykov-Shchedrin, 1872 , Note 95 .
- ↑ Nekrasov, 1982 , Notes .
- ↑ NS, 1980 , Florin .
- ↑ CH, 1993 , Florin .
- ↑ National Assembly, 1980 , Ducat .
- ↑ CH, 1993 , Ducat .
- ↑ National Assembly, 1980 , Chervonets .
- ↑ CH, 1993 , Chervonets .
- ↑ Rozanov, 1945 , p. 145-161.
- ↑ Spassky, 1962 , Dutch chervonets .
- ↑ Uzdenikov, 2004 , p. 474-477.
- ↑ National Assembly, 1980 , Lobanchik .
Literature
- Numismatic Dictionary / [Author: Zvarich VV ]. - 4th ed .. - Lviv: Higher school, 1980.
- Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language : in 4 volumes / chap. ed. B. M. Volin , D. N. Ushakov (t. 2-4); comp. G. O. Vinokur , B. A. Larin , S. I. Ozhegov , B. V. Tomashevsky , D. N. Ushakov ; under the editorship of D.N. Ushakova . - M .: State Institute "Soviet Encyclopedia" (t. 1): OGIZ (t. 1): State Publishing House of Foreign and National Dictionaries (t. 2-4), 1935-1940. (The 2nd edition of the dictionary was published in 1947 - 1948. ) The dictionary contains 85,289 words.
- Dal V. I. Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language / edited by A. N. Filippov. - M .: RIPOL classic, 2006. - T. 2 I — O. - S. 268. - 784 p. - (Golden classics). - ISBN 5-7905-4704-4 .
- Efremova T.F. New Dictionary of the Russian Language. Interpretative and derivational: St. 136000 dictionary entries, about 250,000 semantic units: In 2 volumes . - M .: Rus. lang , 2000. - (Library of Russian Dictionaries). - ISBN 5-200-02800-0 .
- Nekrasov N. A. To whom it is good to live in Russia. Part three. Chapter III. Saveliy, bogatyr svjatorussky // Complete works and letters in 15 volumes. - M .: Nauka, 1982 .-- T. 5.
- Rozanov S. A. Golden “little loaves” (Dutch gold coins of Russian coinage) // Transactions of the Numismatics Department. - L .: The State Hermitage Museum , 1945. - T. I. - S. 145—161.
- Saltykov-Shchedrin M.E. Diary of a provincial in St. Petersburg. - 1872.
- Dictionary of numismatists / [Authors: Fengler H., Girow G., Unger V.] / Per. with him. M. G. Arsenyeva / Resp. ed. V.M. Potin. - 2nd ed., Revised. and additional .. - M .: Radio and communications, 1993. - ISBN 5-256-00317-8 .
- Spassky I.G. Russian monetary system. Place and importance of the Russian monetary system in the global monetary economy . - L. , 1962.
- Uzdenikov V.V. Dutch ducats of Russian coinage (gold) // Coins of Russia 1700-1917 / Edited by Academician V.L. Yanin. - 3rd edition revised and supplemented. - M .: Interpress, 2004 .-- S. 474-477. - ISBN 1-932525-20-3 .