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Type 22 frigates

Type 22 "Broadsworth" - frigates of the British Royal Navy . A total of 14 ships of this type of three modifications were built. The last frigate of this type, the Cornwall, was withdrawn from the fleet on June 30, 2011. [1] [2] [3]

Type 22 frigates
Type 22 frigate
HMS Cornwall F99.jpg
The frigate HMS Cornwall (F 99) in the Persian Gulf, 2007
Project
A country
  • Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg Great Britain
Manufacturers
  • Yarrow shipbuilders
    Cammell laird
    Swan hunter
Operators
  • British Navy
    Brazilian Navy
    Romanian Navy
    Navy Peru
Previous typeType 21
Subsequent typeType 23
Years built1974-1990
Years in the ranks1979-2011
Scheduled14
Built by14
In the ranks6 (Brazil, Romania, Peru)
Scrappedeight
Lossesone
Main characteristics
DisplacementSeries 1: 4500 t
Series 2: 4800 t
Series 3: 5300 tons (standard)
LengthSeries 1: 131.2 m
Series 2: 146.5 m
Series 3: 148.1 m
Width14.8 m
DraftSeries 1: 6.1 m
Series 2, 3: 6.4 m
EnginesSeries 1,2: COGOG

2 Rolls-Royce Olympus TM3B
2 Rolls-Royce Tyne RM1C
Series 3 and Brave: COGAG
2 Rolls-Royce Spey SM1A


2 Rolls-Royce Tyne RM3C
PowerSeries 1,2: 54 000 + 9700 hp
Series 3 and Brave: 37 540 + 9700 hp
Mover2 screws
Travel speed30 knots (full) 18 knots. (economy)
Crew222/273/250

Seven ships of early modifications were sold to Brazil , Romania and Chile . Six of them remain in the ranks and one was sold for scrap. Of the decommissioned ships, two were sunk as targets, and five were sold for scrap.

Nomenclature

Broadsworth, Boxer

Initially it was assumed that the names of all type 22 ships would begin with “B” (Broadsword, etc.), since the names of type 21 ships (Amazon, etc.) began with “A”. This rule was broken by the Falkland War, when two new ships were named after the drowned destroyers Sheffield and Coventry. Another ship, previously ordered, but the construction of which has not yet begun, was renamed from "Bloodhound" to "London". [four]

Cornwall

The alphabetical order was restored in the modification of 3 ships ( Cornwall , etc.), however it was temporarily disrupted with the appearance of ships of the type 23 , which were called the English duchy (Norfolk, Lancaster, etc.). In the last series of English escort ships ( type 45 or Daring), the alphabetical order was again restored using the names of the destroyers of the 1930s and 1950s.

The names chosen for the four ships of the modification 3 ships were a mixture: two, Cornwall and Cumberland, revived the tradition to give ships the names of English counties, which previously existed for the armored cruisers of the First and the heavy cruisers of the Second World War. Two more ships of modification 3, Chatham and Campbeltown, are named after cities. The first name is inherited from a light cruiser built in 1911, and the last from the most famous American destroyer transferred to the royal navy in 1940.

Design

Type 22 was developed as a specialized anti-submarine ship, capable of making a significant contribution to the naval forces of NATO . During the service, the ships were modernized and turned into general-purpose frigates equipped with anti-ship, anti-aircraft and anti-submarine weapons. They were built in three series, giving rise to three subtypes: four ships of the Broadsword subtype, six subtypes of Boxer and four subtypes of Cornwall.

Four ships of the Broadsword subtype (which included two veterans of the Falklands War ) were sold in Brazil in the mid-1990s. Romania acquired and upgraded two ships of modification 2, another one was bought by Chile .

During the service, the ships were strengthened by means of command, control and coordination, as a result of which they were often used as flagship ships during deployment. [five]

Evolution

After the cancellation of the CVA- 01 carrier program in 1966, the Royal Navy revised the concept of the surface fleet and concluded that the following five new types of ships were supposed to be:

  • A cruiser carrying large anti-submarine helicopters (this requirement ultimately led to the appearance of Invincible light aircraft carriers;
  • Air defense destroyer, smaller in size and cheaper than the "County" (this led to the creation of type 42 );
  • Missile frigate as a possible successor to the Type 12 "Linder" (this led to the creation of the Type 22);
  • Cheap patrol frigate (this led to the creation of type 21);
  • Minesweeper dual-use as a successor to the ships of the type "Ton" (this led to the appearance of the type "Hunt" ).

Of the types of ships listed above, the highest priority was first given to the air defense destroyer, which was necessary to deploy Sea Dart complexes in the sea, capable of compensating for the withdrawal of aircraft carriers from the fleet.

Visually, the continuity between type 12 and type 22 is not obvious, although much has been said about the similarity of the shape of the underwater part of the hull. Due to the workload in the 1960s of the Admiralty Engineering Department, the development of a private firm (type 21) was acquired as an intermediate option, while the type 22 was under development. The design process, which was strongly hampered by the priority of type 21 and the urgent need for type 42, was further retarded by a lengthy attempt to develop a joint Anglo-Dutch project. The first ship of type 22 was ordered in 1972 at the Yarrow Shipbuilders shipyard; Yarrow did most of the detailed design, while the overall responsibility lay with the Ship Department in Bata.

 
Raidmaker (F49), type 22 frigate of the Brazilian Navy

The length of the first four ships of type 22 was dictated by the size of the Frigate Refit Complex at the Devonport shipyard. The ships were equipped with a combination of Olympus and Tyne gas turbines according to the COGOG scheme. Machine rooms were located as far as possible in the stern to minimize the length of the shafts. The configuration of the stern was due to the presence of a large hangar and flight deck on the full width of the hull.

The armament of the ship was determined by the primary anti-submarine function in combination with the likely future expansion of functions to the general-purpose ship. The main anti-submarine weapon was the Lynx helicopter, a three-tube torpedo tube (STWS) and a towed hydroacoustic array 2087. The air defense was represented by two six- container Seawolf self-defense launchers (GWS 25). The anti-ship weapon consisted of four Exochet missiles , the standard anti-ship set of the English fleet of the time. A pair of L / 60 Bofors were installed in the first modification to patrol during deployment in the Indian Ocean, but showed their usefulness during the Falklands War, where, according to the commanders of ships of type 22, they competed with installations of Sivulf.

The design of the Broadsword-type ships is unique to the Royal Navy in the absence of primary artillery weapons. Although on some ships such as the Linder, cannon armament was removed during modernization, the Broadsword was the first ship that was originally designed without an artillery tower of the main caliber. Artillery appeared on type 22 ships only in the third modification.

The construction of type 22 ships moved slowly, partly due to the relatively high unit cost. The cost of the last ship of type 12 was about £ 10 million; Type 21 ships cost about £ 20 million each; the cost of the type 22 lead ship is estimated at £ 30 million, although by the time it was commissioned in 1979, inflation had risen to £ 68 million, which is much higher than the cost of type 42 (Glasgow, commissioned in the same year, cost £ 40 million).

After the first four ships (“package I”), the frigate reconstruction complex was expanded to an acceptable size, and the length of the ships of subsequent modifications increased. In addition to increasing the length, a sharply sloping stem, which usually indicates the presence of a nasal sonar, was striking (although it was never installed on any ship from the second installment). An important innovation in batch II was the new Computer Command System (Computer Assisted Command System, CACS-1), which replaced the CAAIS system installed on the ships of package I. The system could track up to 500 targets, including those detected by the passive sonar array and EW system [ 6] . The most significant changes in this group of six type 22 frigates underwent an EW system, which now included, in particular, the classical overboard system for intercepting Soviet naval and underwater communications. [7] These very sophisticated and specialized versions of the Type 22 ships were specifically endorsed by Prime Minister James Callaghan. The larger hull provided improved seaworthiness, but did not achieve the expected stability of sonar antennas [8] , which was important during patrols in the shallow sea passage between Great Britain, Iceland and Greenland, where they were to play an important role in monitoring the passage of Soviet submarines during the time of the cold war. The revised engine installation was taken from Brave type ships, Olympus turbines were replaced by Spey turbines. The transition to the COGAG scheme was proposed . By 1982, the cost of a unit of type 22 increased to £ 127 million.

This could be the end of the program if it were not for the Falkland War (1982), in which two ships of this type (Broadsword and Brilliant) proved to be the best. Later, several frigates of this type were built to replace ships lost in the South Atlantic.

Series 3

The last four ships of this type (package III, ships Cornwall, Cumberland, Campbeltown and Chatham) had a significantly improved design. Taking into account the experience gained in the Falklands, the composition of weapons has changed. The only surviving large weapon system was the Sivulf six-container launchers. The ships were equipped with a 114-mm cannon, primarily to support the ground forces. The Exocet was replaced with an improved Harpoon with eight containers in the GWS 60 launchers, installed side by side over the bridge. Each ship was equipped with the Goalkeeper .

In the final form, the Type 22 ships were the largest frigates ever built for the Royal Navy. Ships of the following type ( type 23 ) were significantly smaller. Because of this, the type 22 ships often served as the flagships of the NATO operational groups.

Specifications

CharacteristicSeries 1Series 2Series 3
Displacement standard4400 t4800 t5300 t
Length131.0 m146.5 m148.1 m
Width14.8 m14.8 m14.8 m
Draft6.1 m6.4 m6.4 m
Armament
- PKR4 x 1 MM38 “Exocet”4 x 1 MM38 “Exocet”2 x 4 RGM-84 Harpoon
- missiles2 x 6 GWS25 Sivulf2 x 6 GWS25 Sivulf2 x 6 GWS25 Sivulf
- Artillery1 x 114 mm / 55 MK.8
- Anti-aircraft artillery / ZRAK2 x 2 Oerlikon 30mm / 75
2 x 1 Oerlikon / BMARC 20mm GAM-B01		2 x 2 Oerlikon 30mm / 75
Oerlikon / BMARC 20mm GUM-B01		1 x 30mm Goalkeeper
- PLO2 x 3 TH STWS Mk.22 x 3 TH STWS Mk.22 x 3 TH STWS Mk.2
Engine2 x Rolls-Royce Olympus TM3B

2 x Rolls-Royce Tyne RM1C

2 x Rolls-Royce Olympus TM3B

(2 x Rolls-Royce Spey SM1C in F94)
2 x Rolls-Royce Tyne RM1C

2 x Rolls-Royce Spey SM1A

2 x Rolls-Royce Tyne RM3C

Speed30 knots30 knots30 knots

Construction and Maintenance Costs

Construction programs

Tactical
number		NameShipyardOrderedPledgedLowered
on the water		Submitted
the fleet [9]		Has entered
to build		Cost of
buildings [10]
Series 1
F88BroadswordYarrow, Glasgow [11]02/08/1974 [11] [12]02/07/1975 [11]05/12/1976 [11]02/21/1979 [13]05/04/1979 [14]£ 68.6M [15] [16]
F89BattleaxeYarrow, Glasgow [11]09/05/1975 [11]02/04/1976 [11]05/18/1977 [11]12.20.1979 [11] [15]03.28.1980 [11] [17]£ 69.2M [15] [18]
F90BrilliantYarrow, Glasgow [11]09/07/1976 [11]03/25/1977 [11]12/15/1978 [11]04/10/1981 [11] [15]05/15/1981 [11] [17]£ 102.2M [15]
F91BrazenYarrow, Glasgow [11]10/21/1977 [11]08/18/1978 [11]03/04/1980 [11]06/11/1982 [11] [15]07/02/1982 [11] [17]£ 112M [15]
Series 2
F92BoxerYarrow, Glasgow [11]04/25/1979 [11]11/01/1979 [11]06/17/1981 [11]09/23/1983 [11] [15]12/22/1983 [11] [17]£ 147M [19]
F93BeaverYarrow, Glasgow [11]04/25/1979 [11]06/20/1980 [11]05/08/1982 [11]07/18/1984 [11] [20]12/13/1984 [11] [17]£ 148M [19]
F94BraveYarrow, Glasgow [11]08.27.1981 [11]05/24/1982 [11]11/19/1983 [11]02/21/1986 [11] [20]07/04/1986 [11] [17]£ 166M [19]
F95London
(ex- Bloodhound ) [21]		Yarrow, Glasgow [11]02/23/1982 [11]02/07/1983 [11]10.27.1984 [11]02/06/1987 [20]06/05/1987 [17]£ 159M [19]
F96Sheffield
(ex- Bruiser ) [22]		Swan Hunter , Wallsend. [23]07/02/1982 [11]03/29/1984 [11]03.26.1986 [11]03/25/1988 [20]07/26/1988 [17]£ 151M [24]
F98Coventry
(ex- Boadicea ) [25]		Swan Hunter, Wallsend. [23]12/14/1982 [11]03/29/1984 [11]04/08/1986 [11]07/01/1988 [20]10/14/1988 [17]£ 147M [24]
Series 3
F99CornwallYarrow, Glasgow [11]12/14/1982 [11]09/19/1983 [11]10/14/1985 [11]02/19/1988 [20]04/23/1988 [17]£ 131.05M [17]
F85CumberlandYarrow, Glasgow [11]10.27.1984 [11]10/12/1984 [11]06/21/1986 [11]11/18/1988 [20]06/10/1989 [17]£ 141.17M [17]
F86CampbeltownCammell Laird , [23] Birkenhead01.1985 [11]12/04/1985 [11]10/07/1987 [23]02.24.1989 [20]05/27/1989 [17]£ 161.97M [17]
F87ChathamSwan Hunter, Wallsend. [23]01/28/1985 [11] [26]05/12/1986 [11]01/20/1988 [23]05/04/1990 [17]£ 175.28M [17]

On January 11, 1985, Mr. Dalyell asked the Minister of Defense: "What is the latest estimate of the cost of type 22 frigates with reserves, spare parts and ammunition?" The Secretary of State for Defense, Mr. Lee, replied: "The average cost of a frigate of type 22 Series III is currently estimated at around £ 140 million in prices from 1984-85. The cost of helicopters, spare parts and ammunition is estimated at around £ 18 million. " [27]

Operating expenses

dateOperating costsWhat is includedQuote
1981-82£ 11.0 millionThe average annual operating costs of type 22 frigates in prices 1981-82 years, including the associated costs for helicopters, but excluding the cost of major repairs[28]
1985-86£ 12.0 millionAverage cost of operation and maintenance of type 22 frigates for one year[29]
1987-88£ 4.8 millionAverage annual operating expenses in prices of 1987-88. Includes personnel, fuel, spare parts, etc. and management, but does not include new construction, capital equipment, and the cost of repairs and modernization[thirty]
2001-02£ 11.9 millionType 22 series 3 frigates, average annual operating costs, based on historical costs for the full fiscal year. These figures include labor, maintenance, fuel, shops and other expenses (for example, harbor dues), but exclude depreciation and cost of capital.[31]
2002-03£ 13.1 million[31]
2007-08£ 32.45 million"The annual operating costs for type 22 class frigates, which consists of four ships, is $ 129.8 M. This is based on information from fiscal year 07/08, the last year for which this information is available, and includes the usual day-to-day expenses, such as fuel and labor and maintenance costs, equipment repair and spare parts. Equipment costs, spare parts, are also included, although they are based on fiscal year 08/09 information as this is the most up-to-date information. ki are not included, as they can be provided only at disproportionate costs. "[32]
2009-10£ 32,725 million"The average cost of operation in the class ... Type 22 for $ 130.9 million ... These figures, based on the costs incurred by the Ministry of Defense in 2009-10, include maintenance, safety certificate, military modernization, labor , inventory, cellular, fuel costs and depreciation. ".[33]
2010-11£ 16 million"Projected operating costs for CMS Cumberland in fiscal year 2010-11, based on actual costs for February 2011 and estimates for the remainder of the fiscal year."[34]

Readiness to

In February 1998, the Minister of State for the Armed Forces, Dr. John Reed, said: “Type 22 frigates are ready from 82 to 86 percent over the last five years. The rest of the time is spent on routine maintenance [35]

Ships - Recycling and Current Status

Tactical numberNameIn the ranks in
Great Britain		Written off in
Great Britain		Date of signing the sale contractIn the ranks
in the country of purchase		Home portStatus
Series 1
F88Broadsword05/03/197906/30/1995 to Brazil [36]11/18/199406/30/1995 [37]Rio de JaneiroIn the ranks in Brazil as Greenhalgh (F46)
F89Battleaxe28 March 198004/30/1997 to Brazil11/18/199404/30/1997In the ranks in Brazil as a Rademaker (F49)
F90Brilliant05/15/198108/30/1996 to Brazil11/18/199408/31/1996Sucks in Brazil like Dodsworth (F47),
Sold for scrap in 2012
F91Brazen2 July 198208/30/1996 to Brazil11/18/199408/31/1996It sucks in Brazil as Bosísio (F48). Decommissioned in September 2015
Series 2
F92Boxer12/22/198308/04/1999 removed from the fleet [38]Sunk as a target
F93Beaver12/13/198405/01/1999 removed from the fleet02.21.2001 for recyclingSold for scrap
F94Brave07/04/198603/23/1999 removed from the fleetSunk as a target in August 2004 by the submarine HMS Scepter and the frigate HMS Argyll [39] [40]
F95London06/05/198701/14/1999 removed from the fleet01/14/2003 to Romania [41]04/21/2005In the ranks in Romania as Regina Maria (F222)
F96Sheffield07.26.198811/15/2002 removed from the fleet [42]04.2003 in Chile [43]09/05/2003ValparaisoIn the ranks in Chile as Almirante Williams (FF-19)
F98Coventry10/14/198812.2001 removed from the fleet [44]01.14.2003 to Romania09.09.2004In building in Romania Regele Ferdinand (F221)
Series 3
F99Cornwall04/23/198806.30.2011 withdrawn from the fleet07.2013 for recycling [45]Recycled
F85Cumberland06/10/198906.23.2011 withdrawn from the fleet [46]07.2013 for recyclingRecycled
F86Campbeltown05/27/198904.2011 withdrawn from the fleet07.2013 for recyclingRecycled
F87Chatham05/04/199002.09.2011 withdrawn from the fleet07.2013 for recyclingRecycled

In May 2000, a question was asked to the Secretary of State for Defense: “What is the saluted life of the following ships: (a) HMS London, (b) HMS Beaver, (c) HMS Boxer, (d) HMS Brave; and what is the forecast for their withdrawal from the Royal Navy? ”To which John Spellar replied:“ The planned service life of each ship is 18 years. Additional information is given in the table. ” [47] Note that 18 years are counted from the date of transfer of the ship to the fleet, and not from the date of commissioning.

ShipProvisional date

exclusion from the fleet

A source
HMS Boxer01.31.2002[47]
Hms beaver12/31/2002[47]
Hms braveFebruary 29, 2004[47]
HMS London02.28.2005[47]

In July 2000, the Secretary of State for Defense asked the question: “When is it planned to withdraw the remaining type 22 series II frigates from the fleet?” John Spellar replied: "The plans for decommissioning type 22 series ships are:"

  • HMS Sheffield: 2012 - will be replaced by a type 45 destroyer
  • HMS Coventry: 2001 - will be replaced by HMS St. Albans, frigate type 23. " [48]

Footnotes

  1. ↑ http://www.navynews.co.uk/news/1278-a-sad-day-for-cornwall-and-gloucester.aspx (not available link)
  2. ↑ HMS Cumberland faces scrap heap (Undec.) . News & Star (17 December 2010). The date of circulation is January 26, 2011. Archived March 22, 2012.
  3. ↑ Defense Policy and Business | Changes to Royal Navy's surface fleet announced . Defense News . Ministry of Defense (February 20, 2007). The appeal date is January 26, 2011.
  4. British Destroyers & Frigates.
  5. ↑ Frigate with formidable firepower , BBC News
  6. ↑ i.Ballantyne.
  7. ↑ MCPotter.
  8. ↑ I. Ballantyne.
  9. ↑ The term used in Navy Estimates and Defense Estimates is "accepted into service".
  10. ↑ "Unit cost, ie excluding cost of certain items (eg aircraft, First Outfits)."
  11. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 28 30 31 33 33 35 35 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 Marriott, Leo Modern Combat Ships 4, Type 22 , pub Ian Allan, 1986, ISBN 0-7110-1593-7- page 103.
  12. Ans Hansard HC Deb 11/24/1977 vol 939 cc869-70W Question 11/24/1977.
  13. Ans Hansard: HC Deb 10/23/1989 vol 158 cc357-8W 357W vol. Costs , 10/23/1989. 02/21/1979.
  14. ↑ Hansard 07/16/2008: Columns 452W , 07/16/2008, said 4/05/1979
  15. 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Hansard: HC Deb 10/23/1989 vol 158 cc357-8W 357W vol. Costs, 10.23.1989 .
  16. ↑ Marriott, Leo Modern Combat Ships 4, Type 22 , pub Ian Allan, 19866, ISBN 0-7110-1593-7 -page 20 says £ 68 million
    Jane's Fighting Ships, 1982–83 says £ 68.6M.
  17. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Hansard 07/16/2008: Columns 451W and 452W 16.07.2008.
  18. ↑ Jane's Fighting Ships, 1982–83 also says £ 69.2M.
  19. 2 1 2 3 4 Hansard: HC Deb 11.23.2000 vol 357 c271W HMS London , (b) HMS Boxer , (c) HMS Beaver and (d) HMS Brave , 11/23/2000.
  20. 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Hansard HC Deb 10.23.1989 vol 158 cc358-61W on 15.10.1989 yards in which they were constructed.
  21. ↑ www.battleships-cruisers.co.uk Type 22 Broadsword (Boxer) class frigates
  22. ↑ HMS Sheffield - Sheffield History - Sheffield Memories
  23. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sharpe, Richard Jane's Fighting Ships, 1988-89 pub Jane's Publishing, ISBN 0-7106-0858-6 , pages 657–8.
  24. ↑ 1 2 Hansard 05/24/2007: Column 1390W Archived on October 14, 2008. He was a soldier; it would be the case for each vessel; it will be estimated that (i) the cost of each vessel will be the result of each sale, May 24, 2007.
  25. ↑ HMS Coventry F98
  26. 15 Hansard HC Deb 10/23/1989 vol. 158 c360W for 15.10.1989 were constructed.
  27. ↑ Hansard 11 January 1985 c561W ( Neopr .) . Hansard.millbanksystems.com (11 January 1985). The appeal date is January 26, 2011.
  28. Ans Hansard HC Deb 16 July 1982 vol 27 cc485-6W , July 16, 1982.
  29. Ans Hansard HC Deb 22 January 1987 vol 108 c730W 22 January 1987.
  30. Ans Hansard HC Deb 10 March 1989 vol 148 c44W , 10 March 1989.
  31. 2 1 2 Hansard HC Deb 9 September 2003 vol 410 cc346-7W 9 September 2003.
  32. ↑ Hansard 9 Sep 2009, Column 2001W
  33. ↑ 24 November 2010 Written Answers (Unsolved) (inaccessible link) . The appeal date is July 6, 2017. Archived November 22, 2011.
  34. ↑ Hansard 3 Mar 2011, Column 563W
  35. ↑ Hansard 5 Feb 1998: Column: 762 Archival copy of June 5, 2011 at Wayback Machine , Dr. Reid, 5 February 1998.
  36. ↑ Sharpe, Richard Jane's Fighting Ships, 1996–97 Pub Jane's Information Group, 1996, ISBN 0-7106-1355-5 pages 766–7.
  37. ↑ Sharpe, Richard Jane's Fighting Ships, 2002–03 Pub Jane’s Information Group, 2002, ISBN 0-7106-2432-8 -page 60.
  38. ↑ Sharpe, Richard Jane's Fighting Ships, 2002–03 Pub Jane’s Information Group, 2002, ISBN 0-7106-2432-8 -page 761.
  39. ↑ Naval Ships (Unsolved) . Hansard . Parliament of the United Kingdom (19 November 2003). The appeal date is November 29, 2009.
  40. ↑ Royal Navy (Neopr.) . Hansard . Parliament of the United Kingdom (11 October 2004). The appeal date is November 29, 2009.
  41. ↑ Saunders, Stephen Jane's Fighting Ships, 2008–09 Pub Jane's Information Group, 2008, ISBN 978-0-7106-2845-9 page 628.
  42. ↑ BBC HMS Sheffield is decommissioned (Undefined) . BBC News (11 October 2002). The appeal date is January 26, 2011.
  43. ↑ Saunders, Stephen Jane's Fighting Ships, 2008–09 Pub Jane's Information Group, 2008, ISBN 978-0-7106-2845-9 page 110.
  44. ↑ www.hmscoventry.co.uk ( Neopr .) . www.hmscoventry.co.uk. The appeal date is January 26, 2011.
  45. ↑ Royal Navy frigates sold for scrap for £ 3m - BBC News
  46. ↑ http://www.navynews.co.uk/news/1267-the-bell-tolls-for-cumberland-as-she-pays-off.aspx
  47. 2 1 2 3 4 5 Hansard HC Deb 22 May 2000 vol 350 cc318-9W HMS London, (b) HMS Beaver, (HMS Brave; HMS Boxer) and HMS Brave;
  48. ↑ Hansard 11 Jul 2000: Column: 449W Archived on June 5, 2011. Questions for the Secretary of State for Defense.
Source - https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frigates_Type_22&oldid=100645804


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