Kelbajar , Kelbajar ( azerb. Kəlbəcər ) [2] , or Karvachar ( armenian Քարվաճառ - “fortress market” or “place of sale of stone” [5] ) [1] - a city in the Transcaucasus, in the upper reaches of the Terter River, the right tributary Chickens . According to the administrative-territorial division of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic , which actually controls the city, the center of the Shaumyan district of NKR. According to the administrative-territorial division of the Republic of Azerbaijan, it is the administrative center of the Kelbajar region of Azerbaijan.
| City | |
| Karvachar [1] / Kelbajar [2] | |
|---|---|
| azerb. Kəlbəcər arm Քարվաճառ | |
 | |
| A country | NKR / Azerbaijan [3] |
| Area | Shaumyanovsky [1] / Kelbajar [2] |
| History and Geography | |
| Center height | |
| Timezone | UTC + 4 |
| Population | |
| Population | 500 [4] people ( 2005 ) |
This territory is part of the so-called Nagorno-Karabakh Safety Belt , located outside the originally declared territory of the NKR, but controlled by Armenian forces since 1993.
Title
The name Kelbajar is a modified form of Karavachar (K'aravačar̄), a village in the Tsar region of the Armenian Khachen principality [6] . Mentioned [6] in the colophon of an Armenian manuscript of the 15th century [7] :
... during the archbishopric in the province of this father of Zakaria, rector of the Dadivank monastery, in the Tsar region, in the village of Karavachar ...
Original text (in Armenian)... և յարհեպիսկոսութեան այսմ նահանգիս տէր Զաքարիայի Դադի Վանուց վերատեսջի, ի հռչակաւոր երկիրս Ծար, ի գևղս Քարավռ ...
Story
The period of antiquity and the Middle Ages
In the ancient period, the territory on which Kelbajar is located was part of the Gavar Berdzor of the Artsakh province of Greater Armenia [8] .
From the 9th to the 16th centuries, it was part of the Armenian principality of Khachen [9] [10] , and after its collapse - the Armenian melik Dzhraberd [11] , one of the five meliks of Hams .
In the 14th century, Upper Khachen was invaded by the khan of Tokhtamysh and Tamerlane , in the 15th century it is part of the Turkic states of Kara-Koyunlu and Ak-Koyunlu . In Armenian sources, it was first mentioned as the village of Karavachar in the 15th century [12] . At the beginning of the 16th century, Khachen became part of the Safavid state. Administratively, the Khachen district was part of the Ganja-Karabakh beglibarbey (later the Ganja Khanate), which was ruled by the Ziyad oglu clan from the Turkan tribe of Khajars [13] . Their power, however, extended mainly to plain Karabakh, whose population was Muslim and Turkized, while Nagorno-Karabakh, where the Armenians continued to live, remained in the hands of Armenian rulers [14] .
Kurdish tribes were resettled by the Persian authorities in the area located between Nagorno-Karabakh and Zangezur (in the territory of modern Kelbajar , Kubatlinsky and Lachin regions of Azerbaijan), around 1600. This step was intended to weaken the ties of the Armenian rulers of Nagorno-Karabakh with the main Armenian territories [15] . Part of the later Muslim (Kurdish and Turkic) population of the Kelbajar region (who lived here before the Karabakh war in the early 1990s) was, therefore, the descendants of nomad migrants from the plain Karabakh [16] . In 1924, the Soviet scientist E. Pchelina, who visited the Kurdistan district with an expedition, noted that in the Middle Ages the Christian-Armenian population lived here, which was also mentioned by archaeological sites in the area. The crowding out of Armenians from their lands was recorded by her in Kurdish folk tales and genealogies, talking about the arrival of Kurds in the region [17] .
Nadir Shah , who occupied the Persian throne in 1736, for the weakening of his enemies - the Ganja khans devoted to the house of the Safavids - resettled many Kajars (otuzik tribes, Jevanshir and Kebirli) from Karabakh to Khorasan and removed the Khamsa Melics from submission to Ganja. In 1747, however, the death of Nadir Shah led to the collapse of the state he created, the return of exiled Turkic tribes from Khorasan and the loss of independence of the Khamsa meliks, which fell under the control of the Karabakh Khanate, created by Panah Ali Khan .
In 1805, the khanate was annexed to Russia, and in 1822 it was abolished and transformed into a province of the Russian Empire. In 1840, the Karabakh province was renamed to Shusha district, which became part of the Caspian region , since 1846 - to the Shamakhi province (renamed Baku in 1859), and since 1867 - to the Elizabeth province .
XX century
According to the "Caucasian calendar" of 1912, 300 Azerbaijanis , indicated in the calendar as "Tatars", lived in the village of Kelbadzhar in the Javanshir district of Elizabethpol province [18] .
In 1930, the Kelbajar district with an area of 1936 km² was formed as part of the Azerbaijan SSR , the administrative center of which was the urban-type village of Kelbajar, which since 1980 received city status [19] . As of 1970, the population of Kelbajar totaled 5 thousand.
According to the 1989 All-Union Census of the USSR , 7,246 people lived in Kelbajar [20] .
Karabakh war
- cities, - villages - villages
- monasteries
- Mountain peaks
With the outbreak of the Karabakh war, the Kelbajar region, sandwiched between the NKR and Armenia and separated from the rest of Azerbaijan in the north by a mountain range, found itself in a semi-blockade. Since the summer of 1992, the situation of the local population has improved slightly, since the Azerbaijanis occupied the northern part of the NKR and communication through Mardakert was restored. After the Armenian forces recaptured the Mardakert region, the Kelbajar region was completely blocked (since the passes were still covered with snow). Before the occupation of the region by Armenian forces, the population of the region was about 60 thousand, mainly Azerbaijanis and Kurds, who were subsequently forcibly expelled from their homes. During the operation to seize the area, Armenian forces used violence against civilians, fired on them, and took them hostage [21] .
Post-war period
Since then, the region has been completely controlled by the NKR. Its former population is located on the territory of Azerbaijan as refugees.
Twin cities
- ( USA ) [22]
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 According to the administrative-territorial division of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic
- ↑ 1 2 3 According to the administrative-territorial division of Azerbaijan
- ↑ This community is controlled by the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic . According to the administrative-territorial division of Azerbaijan , the territory controlled by the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic is located within the Goygol , Jebrail , Zangelan , Kelbajar , Kubatlinsky , Lachinsky , Tertersky , Khojavand , Khojaly , Shushinsky and parts of the Agdam and Fizuli regions of the Republic of Azerbaijan . In fact, the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic is currently an unrecognized state , most of which is not controlled by Azerbaijan .
- ↑ NKR Statistical Yearbook (inaccessible link)
- ↑ The Armenian word “ Քար ” can be interpreted both as “fortress” and “stone”
- ↑ 1 2 Dictionary of toponyms of Armenia and surrounding areas . - Er. , 2001.- T. 5. - S. 340.
- ↑ Commemorative Records of Armenian Manuscripts of the 15th Century / Comp. L.S. Khachikyan. - 1955. - T. I. - S. 24.
- ↑ Robert H. Hewsen. The Geography of Ananias of Širak: Ašxarhacʻoycʻ, the Long and the Short Recensions. - Reichert, 1992 .-- P. 199.
- ↑ Shnirelman V.A. Albanian myth // Wars of memory: myths, identity and politics in Transcaucasia / Reviewer: L. B. Alaev . - M .: Academic Book, 2003 .-- S. 216-222. - 592 p. - 2000 copies. - ISBN 5-94628-118-6 .
- ↑ Howorth, Henry Hoyle (1876) History of the Mongols: From the 9th to the 19th Century Longmans, Green, and Co. p. 14
- ↑ Raffy. Melodies of hamsa.
- ↑ Լ. Խաչիկյան «ԺԵ դարի հայերեն ձեռագրերի հիշատակարաններ» (Երեւան, ՀՍՍՌ ԳԱ հրատ., 1955, Ա հատոր, էջ 24). "... եւ յարհեպիսկոսութեան այսմ նահանգիս տէր Զաքարիայի Դադի Վանուց վերատեսջի, ի հռչակաւոր երկիրս Ծար, ի գեւղս Քարավաճառ, .. . "
- ↑ Abbas-Kuli-Aga Bakikhanov, “Gulistan-i Iram” , Period V.
- ↑ Shnirelman V. A. Memory wars: myths, identity and politics in the Transcaucasus / Reviewer: L. B. Alaev . - M .: Akademkniga, 2003 .-- S. 199. - 592 p. - 2000 copies. - ISBN 5-94628-118-6 .
Under the Persian dynasty of Safavids, Karabakh was one of the provinces (beglarbekism), where the lowlands and foothills were part of the Muslim khanates, and the mountains remained in the hands of Armenian rulers. The melikov system finally developed in Nagorno-Karabakh during the reign of Shah Abbas I (1587-1629) in Persia. Then the Persian authorities, on the one hand, encouraged the Armenian meliks to take active measures against the Ottoman Empire, and on the other, they tried to weaken them by separating them from the main Armenian territories by moving the Kurdish tribes to the area located between Artsakh and Syunik. However, in the XVII-XVIII centuries. The five Armenian melikities of Karabakh constituted a force that their powerful neighbors had to reckon with. It was these mountainous regions that became the center where the idea of the Armenian revival and the formation of an independent Armenian state arose. However, the struggle for power in one of the small towns led to civil strife, in which the neighboring nomadic tribe Sarydzhaly intervened with benefit, and in the middle of the 18th century the power in Karabakh went to the Turkic Khan for the first time in its history
- ↑ Shnirelman V. A. Memory wars: myths, identity and politics in the Transcaucasus / Reviewer: L. B. Alaev . - M .: Akademkniga, 2003 .-- S. 199. - 592 p. - 2000 copies. - ISBN 5-94628-118-6 .
Under the Persian dynasty of Safavids, Karabakh was one of the provinces (beglarbekism), where the lowlands and foothills were part of the Muslim khanates, and the mountains remained in the hands of Armenian rulers. The melikov system finally developed in Nagorno-Karabakh during the reign of Shah Abbas I (1587-1629) in Persia. Then the Persian authorities, on the one hand, encouraged the Armenian meliks to take active measures against the Ottoman Empire, and on the other, they tried to weaken them by separating them from the main Armenian territories by moving the Kurdish tribes to the area located between Artsakh and Syunik.
- ↑ Anatoly Yamskov. The traditional land use of the nomads of historical Karabakh and the modern Armenian-Azerbaijani ethno-territorial conflict. Ed. Olcott M., Malashenko A.M. Carnegie Moscow Center, 1998, p. 180-181:
The descendants of the settled nomads are also Azerbaijanis of the Lachin and Kelbajar regions of Azerbaijan, which, along with modern Nagorno-Karabakh, were part of the mountainous part of historical Karabakh.
You can try to tentatively determine the prevailing in the XIX century. a picture of the land use and population of historical Karabakh - settled farmers (Armenians living in the territory of modern Nagorno-Karabakh) and nomadic pastoralists (Azerbaijanis and Kurds) who migrated from their winters to the Milko-Karabakh Plain for the summer to the highlands of Nagorno-Karabakh, neighboring regions of Azerbaijan (Kelbay , Lachinsky) ... - ↑ E. G. Bee. On the Kurdistan district of Azerbaijan // journal: Soviet ethnography. - RSFSR. People's Commissariat of Education: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1932. - No. 1 . - S. 109-110 . Original text (Russian)
The offensive process of Kurdish migration was apparently in connection with a number of wars of Persia and Turkey.
In the current Kurdistan region. Kurds of Azerbaijan appeared no earlier than the XV - XVI centuries. This is indicated primarily by folk tales. For example, the family tree of the surname of the Ilyasovs. Ogundara, deriving her kind from Diarbekir, 1 or stories about the expulsion of the Armenian population from the lands of the village district. Shalva - Ardashev and their occupation by the Kurds from Khorasan in Persia. 2 The archaeological sites that I met in the area speak of the same thing, pointing to the Christian-Armenian population who lived here in the Middle Ages. The Kurds settled in these places around 1589, that is, during the Turkish-Persian war, the Kurds of the Azerbaijan County belong to the Shiites (under the influence of Persia), whereas the same Kurman tribes of Kurds living in Erivan province, formerly Turkey, is currently either Shafiite Sunnis or Jesuits.Someone Hadji-Husan, who is said to be Seyid, arrived in the Zangezur district with ten families of willow Kurds in the reign of the Persian emperor Shah Ismail. When it appeared, the villages of Shalva and Karabayramli, which made up one village, were ruled by the Armenian Zur-Keshish. The land of the designated village was called Shalva, and Kara-Bayramli was the name of a tribe that came from Khorasan. Another Armenian, who was in charge of the following villages, namely: Ardashav, Vagazin, Pechaniz and Kurt-Kaji, was a certain Shirin-bek; Hadji-Husan killed Zur Keshish, and Shirin-bek escaped .. Armenian villages were ravaged, and residents fled. Then, Haji-Husan with the 10 families indicated above occupied the deserts “in Ardashava and Vagazin”
- ↑ Caucasian calendar. Tiflis 1912 (inaccessible link)
- ↑ Kelbajar - article from the Great Encyclopedic Dictionary
- ↑ Demoscope Weekly - Application. Handbook of statistical indicators. . www.demoscope.ru. Date of treatment December 5, 2017.
- ↑ Human Righs Watch / Helsinki. VII. The Republic of Armenia as a party to the conflict // Azerbaijan. Seven Years of Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh. - New York • Washington • Los Angeles • London • Brussels. - December 1994. - P. 67-73. - ISBN 1-56432-142-8 .
- ↑ The City Council of the California city of Pico Rivera unanimously adopted a resolution according to which the cities of Karvachar (NKR) and Pico Rivera are called twin cities.