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Haas, Arthur Erich

Arthur Erich Haas ( German: Arthur Erich Haas ; April 30, 1884 , Brno - February 20, 1941 , Chicago ) is an Austrian theoretical physicist and popularizer of science, the author of works on quantum theory , atomic physics , theoretical spectroscopy , and the history of physics . Haas owns the first atomic model, into which the idea of ​​energy quanta was directly introduced and which can be considered as a precursor of the Bohr model of the atom .

Arthur Erich Haas
Arthur Erich Haas
Arthur Erich Haas.png
Date of BirthApril 30, 1884 ( 1884-04-30 )
Place of BirthBrno , Austria-Hungary
Date of deathFebruary 20, 1941 ( 1941-02-20 ) (56 years old)
Place of deathChicago , USA
A country
Scientific fieldtheoretical physics
history of physics
Place of workUniversity of Vienna
University of Leipzig
University of Notre Dame
Alma materUniversity of Vienna
supervisorLudwig Boltzmann
Known asauthor of one of the first quantum atom models
Awards and prizes

[d]

Biography

Origin and education (1884-1906)

Arthur Erich Haaz was born in the Moravian city ​​of Brunn (now Czech Brno ) into a wealthy family of Austrian Jews. His father Gustav Haas ( German Gustav Haas , 1850-1913) owned a law firm and, among other things, represented the interests of the influential Jewish family Strakosch ( German Strakosch ), which controlled a significant part of the sugar market of the Austro-Hungarian Empire . It was from this family that the mother of the future scientist, Gabriel Strakosh (1861-1916), came from. Arthur was the first child in the family, in 1887 his brother Otto was born, and in 1893 - his sister Margaret. At the age of ten, young Haaz entered the first German gymnasium in Brunne and in 1902 graduated with honors in physics and mathematics, but achieved particular success in studying Latin and Greek. In the same year he entered the University of Vienna , where, despite his father's desire to see him as a lawyer, he began to study physics and chemistry. Here, Haaz studied with experimental physicists Franz Exner and Victor von Lang , but was not satisfied with the quality of the lectures given; In his second year of study, he came under the influence of Ludwig Boltzmann . In addition, as a member of the student fraternity, he participated in saber battles widespread in these circles, was wounded, and wore scars on his face, which he later regretted more than once and called this pastime “Central European idiocy” [Comm 1] [1 ] [1 ] .

In 1904, Haaz arrived in Göttingen to continue his studies at a local university . Despite an aversion to the lifestyle of the Göttingen students [Comm 2] , he appreciated the quality of teaching: he attended a course in experimental physics by Eduard Rikke , theoretical physics by Waldemar Voigt , physical chemistry by Walter Nernst , radioactivity by Johannes Stark , mechanics and hydraulics by Ludwig Prandtl , electricity from , as well as lectures on various branches of mathematics delivered by Felix Klein , David Hilbert and German Minkowski . Although Simon suggested that he deal with the interference of sound waves in gas - discharge systems and defend a dissertation on this topic, the young Austrian returned to Vienna to reunite with his family, who had just moved from Brunn to the capital. Haaz turned to Boltzmann, who advised taking a historical analysis of the second law of thermodynamics as a dissertation topic. However, they were not able to discuss this area of ​​work because of Boltzmann’s disease, so Haaz took another topic from the history of science - "Antique Theories of Light" ( German: Antike Lichttheorien ) - and in October 1906, after the death of his mentor, with passed all tests with honors and received a doctorate [3] .

Habilitation (1907-1912)

 
University of Vienna on a postcard from the beginning of the 20th century

After defending his dissertation, Haaz faced a dilemma - to pursue an academic career or to join the family sugar business. For several years, he led the secular life of a wealthy young man, visiting numerous evenings, theater performances and country resorts. In addition, in October 1907, he volunteered for the 5th Dragoon Regiment (“Yellow Dragoons ”), but soon became tired of service, was discharged to the reserve due to health reasons and returned to Vienna. At the same time, he read a lot and wrote several articles on the historical and philosophical aspects of science. Among them was a work containing a historical analysis of the second law of thermodynamics - a topic proposed to him by Boltzmann. Gradually, Haaz came up with the idea to consider the historical development of the concept of conservation of energy , the sources of which he saw in ancient ideas about the eternity of atoms and the world as a whole. He presented his thoughts at the annual meeting of the in Cologne in September 1908 and set out in a work completed by Christmas of that year. The scientist presented this work to the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Vienna as a dissertation, hoping to undergo habitation - a prerequisite for obtaining a teaching position. The result was not very encouraging: although the philosophical side of the work was rated very highly, the physicists Exner and von Lang considered the physical part of the dissertation too meager and proposed to supplement it with a section of a more technical content [4] .

Haaz, wounded by such an answer, decided to leave physics at all and become a lawyer, as his father wanted. A year later, he successfully passed the exam in law, and in 1911 received an official certificate ( Absolutorium ) about graduating from the Faculty of Law of the University of Vienna. However, by that time he had already reconsidered his hasty decision and at the end of 1909 returned to physics. To find a topic for his dissertation research, he studied the latest literature and found that the formula deduced by Max Planck for the spectrum of thermal radiation of a completely black body, and the new constant that is part of this law, by that time did not receive a satisfactory explanation. The result of Haase's research was an article that appeared in 1910 and in which he first used quantum considerations to explain the structure of an atom. His results anticipated some of the features of the atom model published by Niels Bohr three years later. However, the dissertation commission, which this time included experimenter and theorist Friedrich Hazeneröl , was unable to appreciate the results presented and rejected the work. Leher even called Haase's ideas “a carnival joke” [Comm 3] . Having only attended the first Solvay Congress , where, among other things, the publications of the young Austrian were discussed, Hazeneröl fully realized the significance of his results and proposed to submit his thesis again in a revised form. The work was immediately accepted, and in August 1912, Haaz received the right to teach the history of science ( venia legendi ) at the University of Vienna [5] .

From Vienna to Leipzig (1912-1921)

 
University of Leipzig (1898)

In October 1912, Haaz, as a privat-docent without payment, began to give lectures on the history of physics at the University of Vienna. At the same time, he was actively engaged in the popularization of science, in particular, he gave public lectures organized by Society. In the fall of 1913, at the invitation of the famous historian Karl Zudhoff , whom they met at one of the congresses of the German Society of Naturalists and Physicians, Haaz took the post of extraordinary professor at the University of Leipzig . In addition to lecturing in the history of physics, his duties included editing the fifth volume of , which was founded in 1863 by Johann Poggendorf . Gradually, however, his interests shifted toward physics as such: already in the summer semester of 1914 he read a course in which he turned not only to the history of mechanics, but also to its mathematical formalism; in the same year, these lectures were published as a separate publication [6] .

In October 1914, after returning to Vienna at the end of the semester, Haaz was called up for military service in connection with the outbreak of the First World War . He was not sent to the front for health reasons and held various officer posts in the rear: at first he was responsible for the hospital for injured horses, then he did paper work in his native Brunn. In May 1917, the scientist persuaded his superiors to let him go to work on the Biographical Directory and returned to Leipzig, but by this time the editing of the publication had completely passed into the hands of the elderly Arthur von Oettingen ; Haaz gradually moved away from this activity and did not do it anymore (the handbook itself was published only in 1926). By the time he returned, he had finally departed from the history of science and concentrated on the modern achievements of physics, having read one of the first courses in the theory of relativity in Germany. At the same time, Haaz worked on a textbook of theoretical physics ( German: Einführung in die Theoretische Physik ), which was published shortly after the end of the war and became a real bestseller. The book has been reprinted several times, has been translated into English and other languages, created the author the fame of a successful writer and brought constant income in the difficult post-war years [7] .

Again in Vienna (1921-1934)

After the end of the First World War and the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Haaz, as a native of Brno, began to be considered a citizen of Czechoslovakia . Only in July 1921 he managed to secure the return of Austrian citizenship to him. In the same year, he finally returned to Vienna and in August took the former post of assistant professor at the university. In 1923, the scientist became an extraordinary professor, however, as before, this post did not provide for payment. By this time, the money issue had acquired special significance: due to the post-war economic collapse, almost the entire family fortune invested in stocks and military bonds disappeared, so the main source of income for Haaz was the fees for the books he wrote, especially popular ones. So, back in 1920, he published his first popular science book “The Nature of New Physics” ( German: Das Naturbild der neuen Physik ), which proved to be very successful and withstood several reprints in subsequent years; in 1924 the book "Atomic theory in elementary exposition" ( German Atomtheorie in elementarer Darstellung ) was published . The economic situation, the impossibility of professional growth and the strengthening of anti - Semitic sentiments in Austrian society and Vienna University did not allow Haaz to count on a successful career development in Austria. He began to seriously think about finding a position outside the country, for example, in the USA [8] .

In August 1924, Haaz met a young woman named Emma Beatrice Huber (1896-1985), who gave a lecture in Vienna on the American education system (this topic was of interest to physicists in connection with possible emigration). Huber, a German by birth, lived in America for several years, and then returned to Europe and, by the time she met Haaz, studied at the Vienna School of Art. A few weeks later, on September 8, 1924, they got married. The next year they had a son, Arthur, and another year later, their second son, Georg. By this time, the financial situation had improved somewhat, since Haaz received the post of actuary at the Vienna Academy of Sciences , to which he corresponded well both in his mathematical training and in legal education. Among the books published by him in the second half of the 1920s are a monograph on classical mechanics ( German: Mechanik der Massenphysik und der Starren Körper ), the popular publication The World of Atoms ( German Die Welt der Atome ), and probably the most successful his work “Waves of Matter and Quantum Mechanics” ( German: Materiewellen und Quantenmechanik ), dedicated to the latest achievements of physics [9] .

Despite the stabilization of the financial situation, Haaza did not leave the idea of ​​emigration. In early 1927, he made his first trip to the United States, organized by the . For two months he attended lectures at 26 institutions on the East Coast and Midwest , including speaking at Yale , Princeton , Columbia , Cornell and other universities. In 1930-1931, Haaz made his second tour of America, visiting 50 universities, including in the West . He hoped that he would have the opportunity to gain a permanent position in the United States, but due to the difficult economic situation in the country, these plans were not destined to come true. Among the books published by him in the late 1920s and the first half of the 1930s are one of the first monographs on quantum chemistry ( Die Grundlagen der Quantenchemie ), the popular publication Physics for All ( German: Physik für Jedermann ), lectures on nuclear physics ( Die Umwandlungen der Chemischen Elemente ) and one of the first textbooks of cosmology ( Kosmologische Probleme der Physik ) [10] .

Life in exile (1935-1941)

 
University of Notre Dame on a mid-20th century postcard

In the early 1930s, the influence of the Nazis sharply increased in Austria, which intensified especially after Hitler came to power in Germany . The objections of nationalist scholars against the fact that the Jew Haaz occupies a responsible position at the Vienna Academy of Sciences began to sound louder. All this only increased the scientist’s desire to leave the country. In 1934, he finally had the opportunity: a small Bowden College in Brunswick (Maine) offered the Austrian physicist a one-year guest lecturer position. Haaz arrived at the place by the beginning of the fall semester of 1935 and, since he did not intend to return to Vienna, he immediately set about searching for a permanent position, using all his many connections. However, no university could offer a sufficiently high-paid place that would correspond to the level of such a recognized scientist as Haaz. Only in May 1936 did he receive an invitation from the small Catholic University of Notre Dame , whose president John Francis O'Hara planned to strengthen the research side of his institution. Although the university initially needed an experimenter, Einstein's letter in support of Haaz tipped the scales in favor of the latter. The Austrian physicist, who had initially planned to take a position at a larger university, agreed after some reflection [11] .

In September 1936, Haaz and his sons arrived in South Bend (Indiana) and took up their duties. His wife joined them later, settling property affairs at home. In 1938, the scientist managed to emigrate his brother and sister from an increasingly unsafe continental Europe: Margaret settled in England, and Otto changed the career of a Vienna lawyer to a paleontologist in the United States. In subsequent years, more than one compatriot of Haase appeared at the University of Notre Dame: the leadership, impressed by the Austrian's participation in a major conference in honor of the 300th anniversary of Harvard University , where he spoke in the same section as Einstein and Eddington , decided to bet on European scientists. So, on Haase’s recommendation, the mathematician Karl Menger and the physicist ended up in South Bend; he also supported the invitation of mathematicians Emil Artin and Kurt Gödel , and in 1937 he was elected a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science . At the initiative of Haase, a whole year (1938) at the University of Notre Dame was held by Georges Lemetre , who, among other famous scientists, took part in the first conference organized by the Austrian, fully devoted to cosmology [12] .

On November 22, 1940, Arthur Haaz suffered a stroke in a Chicago hotel, where he stayed during the next meeting of the American Physical Society . Over the next few months spent in the hospital, he rarely regained consciousness and died of pneumonia on February 20, 1941 [13] .

Scientific activity

Atom Model

 
Thomson atom model

In 1910, Haaz obtained his most important and famous result, for the first time associating the structure of an atom with the Planck quantum hypothesis . By that time, the meaning of this hypothesis and the quantum of action relating the energy and frequency of the radiation remained largely unclear. Albert Einstein and Wilhelm Win expressed the idea that Planck's theories for describing the equilibrium thermal radiation of a completely black body operating with abstract harmonic oscillators are completely insufficient to clarify the situation and, perhaps, we should turn to the processes occurring inside atoms. Haaz drew attention to this idea about the probable connection of an energy quantum with some universal characteristics of matter and took the size of atoms as such a characteristic. In order to obtain a specific result, he used the then-popular Thomson model of the atom , in which it was believed that negatively charged electrons move inside a homogeneous positively charged sphere. In his work, Haase, considering a hydrogen atom with one electron moving along the surface of a charged sphere of radiusa {\ displaystyle a}   (actually the size of an atom), used two assumptions: 1) on the equality of the Coulomb attraction force and the centripetal forcee2/a2=ma(2πν∞) {\ displaystyle e ^ {2} / a ^ {2} = ma (2 \ pi \ nu _ {\ infty})}   and 2) on the equality of the total energy of the electron and the quantum of radiation energye2/a=hν∞ {\ displaystyle e ^ {2} / a = h \ nu _ {\ infty}}   whereν∞ {\ displaystyle \ nu _ {\ infty}}   Is the limiting frequency of the Balmer spectral series . From these relations he derived two results. First, he established a connection between the Planck constant and the size of the atom:h=2πema {\ displaystyle h = 2 \ pi e {\ sqrt {ma}}}   , actually getting the correct expression for the Bohr radius of the hydrogen atom . It is characteristic, however, that for Haase the atomic dimensions seemed to be a more fundamental, primary concept than the Planck constant. Secondly, he obtained an expression for the limiting frequencyν∞ {\ displaystyle \ nu _ {\ infty}}   , which in modern notation corresponds to the formula for Rydberg constantR=sixteenπ2mefour/h3c {\ displaystyle R = 16 \ pi ^ {2} me ^ {4} / h ^ {3} c}   , which differs from the correct expression obtained by Niels Bohr in 1913, only by a numerical factor 8. In general, the estimates obtained by the Austrian scientist did not contradict the experimental data of that time [14] [15] [16] [17] . Although the Haase model did not take into account the presence of excited states, it nonetheless proved to be an important precursor of the Bohr model of an atom [18] .

Apparently, the first to notice Haas's work was the famous Dutch physicist Hendrik Lorenz , who already in 1910 mentioned it in his lecture given in Göttingen. In his opinion, the Haase hypothesis, in spite of a number of difficulties, deserved attention, since it connected the “enigma of the energy quantum” with the question of the structure of matter - two problems that previously seemed completely independent [19] . The following year, another Austrian Arthur Schidlof ( German Arthur Schidlof ), starting from the work of his compatriot, proposed a different way to introduce a quantum of action into the Thomson model of the atom. Arnold Sommerfeld mentioned the Haase and Shidlof models in his important report at the first Solvay Congress , noting, however, that, in his opinion, the properties of atoms and molecules should be explained more likely based on the universal significance of the quantum of action, rather than deducing its origin from atomic sizes, as this was done by Haaz [20] . Bohr also cited Haase's work in his classic article of 1913, which laid the foundations of his atomic model [21] . The Austrian was one of those colleagues to whom the Danish physicist sent an imprint of his article, and was one of the first to congratulate the author on the results obtained [22] . In 1959, in one of his letters, Bohr so ​​appreciated the role of Haase in the development of ideas about the structure of the atom [23] :

... he [Haaz] was one of the first who became interested in the interpretation of spectra based on quantum theory and atomic models ... however, the significance of the discovery of the atomic nucleus was not realized, and therefore there was no radical departure from generally accepted ideas.

Original text
... he [Haas] was among the fi rst to be interested in the interpretation of spectra on the basis of quantum theory and atomic models ... however, the significance of the discovery of the atomic nucleus was not recognized, and therefore also not the radical departure from accustomed ideas.

Haaz published several more articles in which he developed his ideas. In the summer of 1911, he published a large work devoted to the calculation of the geometric configurations of the arrangement of electrons, which would ensure the stability of the Thomson model of the atom. It was this article that entered the new version of the dissertation, with which Haaz successfully underwent habitation at the University of Vienna [24] .

Other Results

In 1920, Haaz, independently of and obtained formulas for the isotopic effect of the rotational spectra of molecules, that is, laid the foundations for a method for determining the isotopic composition of elements from the characteristics of molecular spectra [18] . In 1926, he published several works on the Compton effect , in particular, carried out detailed calculations of the situation in which photons acquire significant energy in collisions with relativistic particles (the so-called inverse Compton effect) [25] . In 1927, Haaz applied the concept of waves of matter to the analysis of the motion of relativistic particles, and in 1929 to the problems of statistical thermodynamics [26] . In 1940, he proposed his classification of nuclear isotopes, based on the union of clusters of four (fourHe {\ displaystyle ^ {4} He}   ) and six (6He {\ displaystyle ^ {6} He}   ) nucleons , and tried to use it to explain the observed periodicity of the properties of nuclei (their stability, mass and half-life), in particular, by finding indications of the effects of pairing nucleons and the formation of filled shells in nuclei [27] .

Throughout his career, Haaz remained interested in the problems of cosmology , and the question of the structure and evolution of the Universe was, in his view, closely connected with the fundamental constants of physics . Already in his first publication on this subject, in 1907, on the basis of the second law of thermodynamics, he made a conclusion about the finite time of the existence of the Universe [28] . In 1912, the scientist developed his argument: he used the idea of ​​fluctuations of entropy in various parts of space, and also came to the conclusion that the observed level of radioactivity requires the finiteness of the Universe [29] . In 1918, he first turned to an analysis of the relationship between the gravitational constant and the fundamental constants of electrodynamics [30] . In 1930, shortly after Edwin Hubble discovered the expansion of the Universe , Haaz, on the basis of the assumption that the gravitational energy of the Universe should not exceed the total energy contained in its mass, was able to estimate the size and density of the Universe, as well as its expansion speed. Using an approach that can be called numerological from the modern point of view, Haaz sought correlations between fundamental constants, in particular, in 1932 he tried to link the Planck constant with cosmological parameters - such as the mass and radius of the Universe. Subsequently, he sought to improve his method, but could not significantly advance in this direction, revealing only random numerical coincidences, and not fundamental relationships between constants [31] .

Philosophical and Religious Views

Throughout his life, Haase's scientific searches were permeated with a desire to understand the connections and correlations between different areas of physics, between the microcosm (the world of atoms) and the macrocosm (the Universe as a whole), which was expressed in persistent attempts to find the relationship between the fundamental constants. These searches were inspired by Goethe 's work with his idea of ​​a single picture of the world, covering all phenomena and laws. However, according to Haase, these views were in conflict with the development of modern science, which became more and more specialized and sought to divide nature into ever smaller parts. The scientist believed that there was a danger of abandoning a wider picture of the world and a deeper understanding for the sake of abstract formalism. Therefore, he welcomed the emergence of the uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics, seeing in it a natural (or God-given) restriction to attempts to dismember nature [32] . Haas's philosophical views were directly reflected in his historical studies, which also reveal the influence of the works of Ernst Mach and Wilhelm Ostwald on the history of science [18] .

Haaz, who grew up among the liberal Jewish bourgeoisie, was initially not particularly religious. In April 1904, he left the Jewish community of Brunn, and in November, during his stay in Göttingen, he converted to the Lutheran faith , having been baptized in the church of St. Martin in Gaismar . The reasons for this step are not known: perhaps he was looking for spiritual support for his studies in science or in this way tried to facilitate the development of his career. Haaz later converted to Catholicism and married Emma Huber at St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna. Among the possible reasons are a spiritual search, the conversion to the Catholic faith of many members of the Strakosh family, or simply the fact that his future wife was a devout Catholic. Although Haaz did not turn to religious arguments in his scientific studies, he did not see the contradiction between religion and science, and even believed that the modern development of physics and astronomy "is more likely to strengthen religious feelings than to weaken them." While working at the Catholic University of Notre Dame, in his speeches he repeatedly addressed this topic. So, the scientist believed that the very fact of the finiteness of the Universe in space and time indicates the existence of a creator [33] . He developed this idea in one of his last lectures delivered in 1940 [34] :

The laws of nature, this materialistic replacement of the deity, in modern physics no longer seem absolutely true; they arise only as rules based on statistical knowledge, so deviations from this norm do not contradict the basic principles of modern physics. If, however, the laws of nature are essentially statistical, then from a physical point of view it seems pointless to consider unique events, such as the creation of the universe. The processes are so unique that one cannot conceive of another example of the same kind, cannot be the subject of statistical and, therefore, physical consideration.

Original text
The laws of nature, the materialistic substitute for deity, appear in modern physics no longer as absolutely valid; they only appear as rules based on statistical knowledge so that deviations from that norm do not contradict the basic principles of modern physics. If, however, laws of nature are essentially statistical, then it seems meaningless to consider, from the standpoint of physical laws, unique events, as a creation of a universe. Processes so unique that no second of its kind can be thought of cannot be subject of statistical and, therefore, not physical consideration.

Publications

Books
  • Haas AE Die Entwicklungsgeschichte des Satzes von der Erhaltung der Kraft. - Wien: Alfred Hölder, 1909.
  • Haas AE Der Geist des Hellenentums in der modernen Physik (Antrittsvorlesung am 17. Januar 1914 in der Aula der Universitär Leipzig). - Leipzig: Veit, 1914.
  • Haas AE Die Grundgleichungen der Mechanik: Dargestellt auf Grund der geschichtlichen Entwicklung. Vorlesungen zur Einführung in die theoretische Physik, gehalten im Sommersemester 1914 an der Universität Leipzig. - Leipzig: Veit, 1914.
  • Haas AE Einführung in die Theoretische Physik. - Leipzig: Veit, 1919-1921.
  • Haas AE Das Naturbild der neuen Physik. - Berlin: Vereinigung wissenschaftlicher Verleger, 1920.
  • Haas AE Vektoranalysis: In ihren Grundzügen und wichtuigsten physikalischen Anwendungen. - Berlin: Vereinigung wissenschaftlicher Verleger, 1922.
  • Haas AE Atomtheorie in elementarer Darstellung. - Berlin — Leipzig: DeGruyter, 1924. Review of the second edition: Shpolsky E. A. Haaz. Atomic theory // UFN. - 1930.- T. 10 . - S. 434-435 . - DOI : 10.3367 / UFNr.0010.193003i.0434 .
  • Haas AE Die Welt der Atome. - Berlin: DeGruyter, 1926.
  • Haas AE Die kosmische Bedeutung des Compton-Effekts. - Wien: Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaft, 1926.
  • Haas AE Mechanik der Massenphysik und der Starren Körper. - Leipzig: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, 1926.
  • Haas AE Materiewellen und Quantenmechanik. - Leipzig: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, 1928. Review: Vavilov S. A. Haaz. Waves of matter and quantum mechanics // UFN. - 1928 .-- T. 8 . - S. 266-267 . - DOI : 10.3367 / UFNr.0008.192802i.0266 .
  • Haas AE Die Grundlagen der Quantenchemie. - Leipzig: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, 1929.
  • Haas AE Physik für Jedermann. - Berlin: Springer, 1933.
  • Haas AE Physik des Tonfilms. - Leipzig: BG Teubner, 1934.
  • Haas AE Kosmologische Probleme der Physik. - Leipzig: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, 1934.
  • Haas AE Die Umwandlungen der Chemischen Elemente. - Berlin: DeGruyter, 1935. Review: Shpolsky E. A. Haaz. Transformations of chemical elements // Usp. Fiz. - 1936 .-- T. 16 . - S. 143 . - DOI : 10.3367 / UFNr.0016.193601m.0143 .
  • Arthur Erich Haas und der erste Quantenansatz fürdas Atom / Hermann A. (Hrsg.). - Stuttgart: Ernst Battenberg, 1965.
Main articles
  • Haas AE Antike Lichttheorien // Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie. - 1907. - Bd. 20. - S. 345-386. - DOI : 10.1515 / agph . 1907.20.3.345 .
  • Haas AE Die allgemeinsten Gesetze des physikalischen Geschehens und ihr Verhältnis zum zweiten Hauptsatze der Wärmelehre // Annalen der Naturphilosophie. - 1907. - Bd. 6. - S. 20-30.
  • Haas AE Über die elektrodynamische Bedeutung des Planck'schen Strahlungsgesetzesund über eine neue Bestimmung des elektrischen Elementarquantums und der Dimensionen des Wasserstoffatoms // Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien. - 1910. - Bd. 119. - S. 119-144.
  • Haas AE Über eine neue theoretische Bestimmung des elektrischen Elementarquantums und des Halbmessers des Wasserstoffatoms // Physikalische Zeitschrift . - 1910. - Bd. 11. - S. 537-538.
  • Haas AE Der Zusammenhang des Planckschen Wirkungsquantums mit den Grundgrößen der Elektronentheorie // Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik. - 1910. - Bd. 7. - S. 261-268.
  • Haas AE Gleichgewichtslagen von Elektronengruppen in einer äquivalenten Kugel von homogener positiver Elektrizität // Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien. - 1911. - Bd. 120. - S. 1111-1171.
  • Haas AE Rotationsspektrum und Isotopie // Zeitschrift für Physik . - 1921. - Bd. 4. - S. 68-72. - DOI : 10.1007 / BF01328044 . Brief retelling of the content: Vavilov S. Rotational spectra and isotopes // UFN. - 1923 .-- T. 3 . - S. 289-290 . - DOI : 10.3367 / UFNr.0003.192302m.0289 .
  • Haas AE Über Frequenserhöhungen von Lichtquanten durch Zusammenstöße mit rasch bewegten Materieteilchen // Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien. - 1926. - Bd. 135. - S. 647-653.
  • Haas AE Die Ableitung des Boltzmannschen Entropiegesetzes mittels der Vorstellung der Materiewellen // Monatshefte für Chemie und verwandte Teile anderer Wissenschaften. - 1929. - Bd. 53. - S. 165-174. - DOI : 10.1007 / BF01521784 .
  • Haas AE A relation between the radial velocities of spiral nebulæ and the velocity of dissolution of matter // Nature . - 1930. - Vol. 126. - P. 722. - DOI : 10.1038 / 126722a0 .
  • Haas AE Wirkungsquantum und kosmische Konstanten // Naturwissenschaften. - 1932. - Bd. 20. - S. 906. - DOI : 10.1007 / BF01504915 .
  • Haas AE A relation between the fundamental constants of physics // Physical Review . - 1936. - Vol. 49. - P. 636. - DOI : 10.1103 / PhysRev . 49.636 .
  • Haas AE The size of the Universe and the fundamental constants of physics // Science . - 1936. - Vol. 84. - P. 578-579. - DOI : 10.1126 / science.84.2191.578 .
  • Haas AE On some periodic properties of the system of isotopes // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . - 1940. - Vol. 26. - P. 305-312. - DOI : 10.1073 / pnas . 26.4.305 .
Books in Russian translation
  • Haaz A. Waves of matter and quantum mechanics. - M.-L .: GIZ, 1930 .-- 192 p. Review: Vavilov S. A. Haaz. Waves of matter and quantum mechanics // UFN. - 1930.- T. 10 . - S. 433-434 . - DOI : 10.3367 / UFNr.0010.193003h.0433 .
  • Haaz A. Foundations of quantum chemistry. - M. — L.: State Publishing House, 1930. Review: Hvolson O. A. Haaz. The foundations of quantum chemistry // UFN. - 1930.- T. 10 . - S. 432-433 . - DOI : 10.3367 / UFNr.0010.193003g.0432 .
  • Haaz A. Introduction to theoretical physics. - M. — L.: GTTI, 1933. Review: Theodorchik K. A. Haaz. Introduction to theoretical physics // UFN. - 1934 .-- T. 14 . - S. 521 . - DOI : 10.3367 / UFNr.0014.193404g.0521 .
  • Haaz A. Waves of matter and quantum mechanics. - Ed. stereotype. - M .: URSS , 2014 .-- 168 p. - (Physico-mathematical heritage: physics (quantum mechanics)). - ISBN 978-5-397-04191-1 .
Articles in Russian translation
  • Haaz A. Physics as a geometric necessity // UFN. - 1922. - T. 3 . - S. 3-14 . - DOI : 10.3367 / UFNr.0003.192201a.0003 .

Comments

  1. ↑ Original: mitteleuropäischer Idiotiein .
  2. ↑ Haaz himself wrote about this [2] :

    From morning to evening and from evening to morning, drunk and publicly drunk even more, noisy arguing and quarreling, with indescribable inhuman squalid beer faces filling all audiences, streets, houses and theaters with the unbearable stench of drunk and newly vomited beer, unwashed bodies and Prussian homosexuality. I barely breathed in disgust, but decided to endure until the end of the semester.

    Original text
    From morning to night and night to morning, drunk and further publicly quaf fin ng, noisy brawling, and quarreling, with indescribable brutal, bloated beer faces, filling all lecture halls and streets and houses and theaters with an unbearable stench of guzzled and again vomited beer, of unwashed bodies and Prussian homosexuality. I could barely breathe with disgust, but I decided to endure the semester.
  3. ↑ Original: Faschingsscherz .

Notes

  1. ↑ Wiescher, 2017 , pp. 4-5.
  2. ↑ Wiescher, 2017 , p. 6.
  3. ↑ Wiescher, 2017 , pp. 6-9.
  4. ↑ Wiescher, 2017 , pp. 9-12.
  5. ↑ Wiescher, 2017 , pp. 13-16.
  6. ↑ Wiescher, 2017 , pp. 16-18.
  7. ↑ Wiescher, 2017 , pp. 19-20.
  8. ↑ Wiescher, 2017 , pp. 20-23.
  9. ↑ Wiescher, 2017 , pp. 23-26.
  10. ↑ Wiescher, 2017 , pp. 27-28, 31.
  11. ↑ Wiescher, 2017 , pp. 32-34.
  12. ↑ Wiescher, 2017 , pp. 35-45.
  13. ↑ Wiescher, 2017 , pp. 46-47.
  14. ↑ Mehra and Rechenberg V, 1987 , pp. 98-103.
  15. ↑ Mehra and Rechenberg I, 1982 , p. 178.
  16. ↑ Jammer, 1985 , p. 50-52.
  17. ↑ Wiescher, 2017 , pp. 13-14.
  18. ↑ 1 2 3 Hermann, 1981 .
  19. ↑ Mehra and Rechenberg V, 1987 , p. 103.
  20. ↑ Mehra and Rechenberg V, 1987 , pp. 133-135.
  21. ↑ Jammer, 1985 , p. 52.
  22. ↑ Mehra and Rechenberg I, 1982 , p. 201.
  23. ↑ Wiescher, 2017 , p. 14.
  24. ↑ Wiescher, 2017 , pp. 15-16.
  25. ↑ Wiescher, 2017 , p. 25.
  26. ↑ Wiescher, 2017 , p. 26.
  27. ↑ Wiescher, 2017 , pp. 45–46.
  28. ↑ Wiescher, 2017 , p. eleven.
  29. ↑ Wiescher, 2017 , p. 17.
  30. ↑ Wiescher, 2017 , p. nineteen.
  31. ↑ Wiescher, 2017 , pp. 29-32.
  32. ↑ Wiescher, 2017 , pp. 47-49.
  33. ↑ Wiescher, 2017 , pp. 49-50.
  34. ↑ Wiescher, 2017 , p. 50.

Literature

  • Hermann A. Haas, Arthur Erich // Dictionary of Scientific Biography. - New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1981. - Vol. 5. - P. 609-610.
  • Mehra J., Rechenberg H. The historical development of quantum theory. - Springer-Verlag, 1982. - Vol. one.
  • Mehra J., Rechenberg H. The historical development of quantum theory. - Springer-Verlag, 1987. - Vol. five.
  • Wiescher M. Arthur E. Haas, his life and cosmologies // Physics in Perspective. - 2017 .-- Vol. 19. - P. 3-59. - DOI : 10.1007 / s00016-017-0197-4 .
  • Jemmer M. Evolution of the concepts of quantum mechanics / trans. from English V.N. Pokrovsky; under the editorship of [and foreword] by L. I. Ponomarev . - M .: Nauka , 1985 .-- 379 p.
  • Hramov Yu. A. Gaaz Arthur Erich // Physicists: Biographical Reference / Ed. A.I. Akhiezer . - Ed. 2nd, rev. and add. - M .: Nauka , 1983 .-- S. 70 .-- 400 p. - 200,000 copies. (in per.)
Source - https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaaz,_Artur_Erih&oldid=98618752


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