History of Manchuria

From ancient times, immigrants from China moved to the Manchu Plateau, and along with them came Chinese culture, which was penetrating deeper and deeper into Manchuria . From there, frequent attacks were carried out by emperors who sought to expand their possessions. Korea also, from time to time, surrendered its population to Manchuria and served as a usual place of refuge for the inhabitants of Manchuria during the attacks of the Chinese or northern nomads. On the other hand, the neighborhood of the Gobi steppes, facilitating the invasion of nomads, was for Manchuria an exclusively source of disasters and a brake on cultural development.

Chan-bo-shan, serving as the border of southern and northern Manchuria, from ancient times served as the border between two completely different ethnographic tribes: the Gaosh, or the Korean, who lived in southern Manchuria, and the Tungus, who occupied northern Manchuria (according to Iakinf Bichurin, Manchu one and the same tribe - the Tungus, which, originally appearing in history under the name of sushi, over time developed into two types: the northern Tungus, or Manchu, and the South Koreans). In northern Manchuria, the unity of the river system corresponded to the unity of the political center, and in southern Manchuria, where several independent river systems, with fairly high watersheds, the population had several political centers, between which there was a struggle for dominance. This struggle led to the weakening of the fighters and their replacement by the tribes of northern Manchuria, more capable, by virtue of their hunting life, to develop a state life than the nomadic tribes of southern Manchuria. The acquaintance of Chinese historians with the population of southern Manchuria dates back to a very early time, but, as a state organism, southern Manchuria is for the first time in the form of an integral part of Chao-xian - possession in Korea and southern Manchuria, with a mixed Gaoli-Chinese population that arose as a result of Chinese colonization on the northern shores of the Gulf of Pechelia, in the specific Zhous period.

There is very little information about Chao-xian, and only with excerpts of its legislation in Hou Han-shu can we ascertain the influence of Chinese culture on it. Chao-xian waged constant wars with the inheritance of Yan, and after its fall became the scene of military operations with the Wei-man, during the change of the Qian-Han dynasty. Wei-man established his dynasty in Chao-xian; his grandson Yu-ku fought with the Han Wu-di (140–87 BC), but suffered a complete defeat. Chao-hsien fell, and her lands were divided into 4 districts, which were controlled by Chinese officials. The fall of Chao-xian opened up the possibility of unhindered movement to the northern tribes in the territories belonging to it. The tribes are Guy-Li and Fu-Yu. Simultaneously with Chao-xian in southern Manchuria, there were still possessions of two Gaolian tribes: Wu, or Vea, and Woju. Wu was subdivided into western, in Liao-tung, and eastern, on the eastern slopes of Chan-bo-shan and in northern Korea. Both possessions consisted of many other, smaller, enclosing separate towns, with patches of surrounding land, and living in a constant struggle between themselves. Some of them were nominally dependent on Chao-xiani, and in 129 BC. e. ruler Nan-lui, with a population of up to 280 thousand people, surrendered to the power of China. For China, however, ownership of this country was not valuable, and in 30 AD e. he abandoned him. Information about Uy has since ceased. Woju ownership was divided into eastern, northern and southern. Their boundaries have not been established with accuracy, but it is known that northern Woju in the south bordered the ocean. It was divided into almost independent clans, which came to southern M. already with an established culture, familiar with agriculture, the manufacture of woolen products and soon adopted a silk culture. Fu-yu's trade and political relations with China began at Han Han-woody, in 50 A.D. e. Later, the Chinese government sought support in Xi'u-bi from the Sian-biians (tan-shi-hai), but sometimes waged war with it. In 285, Fu-yu was destroyed by Muyunami.

Simultaneously with Fu-yu, three possessions of the Han (San-Han) are established in Korea and southern Manchuria - Chen-Han, Ma-Han, and Bien-Han; of these, the first two predominate over Liao-tung. The Ma-hani in the 2nd half of the 2nd century opened a series of raids on Chinese lands, especially strong under Ling-di (168-190). Later, the Mahan leaders were awarded Chinese titles; in the 80s of the III century, several embassies are from Ma-hani to China, to the court. Chen-hani and Ma-hani broke up into many small separate possessions and could not, therefore, resist the influx of new sowing. tribes; a new possession of Bo-chi is based on their territory - a predominantly maritime state, with developed trade and colonial activity, embracing all the islands along the western coast of Korea, as well as Formosa. Bo-chi's works found their sales in Japan and China. Through Bo-chi, Japan maintained diplomatic relations with China; Bo-chi also mediated the introduction of Buddhism in Japan.

The existence of Bo-chi coincides with the Chinese dynasties of Jin, Sui and Tang. From the first, Bo-chi were in peaceful relations, receiving Buddhist books from China. During the Sui dynasty, the Bo-chi sought rapprochement with China, to protect themselves from constant attacks by their neighbors, gui-li, and then played a passive role during the campaigns of the Sui house to Korea (beginning of the 7th century). The Buddhist clergy apparently enjoyed great influence in Bo-ji, but local beliefs continued to exist alongside Buddhism.

To replace Bo-chi, who, about 660, was dealt a mortal blow by the Tang dynasty, about 663 were Xin-lo, who made Jilin their capital and a stronghold against sowing. Tungus. Their relations with China were mostly peaceful, and this gave Sin-lo the opportunity in the eighth century to create a significant culture; forms of citizen. and military control were replicas from Chinese.

In the 8th century, Sin-lo's possessions began to decrease under the influence of attacks by the Bo-hai tribe, who was the first representative of the Tungus race in southern Manchuria. Sin-lo retreat east and hold the Ya-lu-jiang basin. Later, Sin-lo fought with the Khitan and ended their independent existence around 936, under pressure from Korea, leaving Manchuria in the power of the northern Tungus. Chinese history considers the tribe of Su-Shens, the existence of which dates back to ancient times, to be the ancestor of the peoples of northern Manchuria. According to the "Bamboo Chronicle" Susheni came to the court of Shun in 2225 BC. e. and brought bows and arrows as a gift. Confucius also confirms the existence of the Su-Shenyi, and the work of Song-mo-ji-wen even indicates their capital, in the valley of Sungari; but the authenticity of this information has not been proved, and the existence of su-shenyas is in doubt. The first historically reliable data on the tribes of Northern Manchuria belong to Hou Han-shu, where they are called Ilou and the northern border is indicated by r. Jo-shui (almost Cupid), and the south - Chan-bo-shan. Their hunting life; the country was replete with wild animals - moose, deer, bears.

Later history marks the appearance of cattle breeding and even farming in Ilou. Religious and family views are extremely low. More developed were the tribes that lived closer to southern Manchuria. They have relations with China; the struggle with fu-yui and other tribes of southern Manchuria evokes a consciousness of tribal unity in them. In the era of the northern courtyards (386-589), relations between the Tungus (known as U-chi) and China continued, but the aimaks of the north and east did not participate in them. Relations between the Tungus and Korea were relatively rare and in most cases hostile. Initially, the Tungus raided with the aim of robbery, but then they began to seize land in North Korea; when they reached a certain degree of citizenship, the Gaolis themselves invited them to their aid in their endless feuds. China, not being able to stop the movement of the Tungus, tried to direct them against hostile tribes. Of the seven Tungus aymaks of northern Manchuria, the most extensive was Hey Shuysh, located along the Amur River; but earlier the more southern aimaki appeared on the scene, of which the Sunmos, invading southern Manchuria, founded the Bo-hai state, destroyed in the 11th century by the Khitan.

Since 1125, the Jurchen, with the house of Jin, have been settled on the site of the Khitan, and subjugate the whole of Manchuria. There were 5 capitals in Jin possession, of which the upper (Hui-ning), eastern (Liao-yang) and northern (Min-huang) were in southern and western Manchuria.

In 1234, the Mongols destroyed the Jin Dynasty and annexed Manchuria to their possessions.

Upon the entry of the Minsk dynasty (1368), Manchuria became the province of Liao-tung, under the leadership of a special governor general. The troops were stationed in the fortresses and constituted the military arable settlements, which served as the beginning of the Chinese colonization of Manchuria. There are vague indications of the Mines campaigning to the north of Manchuria. The territory of Manchuria was then divided into a number of aimaks, who were constantly at odds with each other, and in this struggle the ancestors of the current dynasty who lived in eastern Chan-bo-shan grew up.

The leader Nurhatsi in 1616 takes the title of emperor, and in the person of his son the Manchu house finally reigns in China.

In the 9th year of the reign of Shun-chi, hei-moon-jiang aimags were given into citizenship and divided into banners.

Under Kansi-si (1662-1722), clashes with the Russians in Albazin began in the north of Manchuria. Frequent troop movements to Amur revive the region and create colonization in it. The improvement of military roads in Manchuria and the first attempts to resolve the administration belong to the same period. The Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) made the border of Russia and China p. Humpback, Argun and Cupid to the mouth.

Life in Manchuria is quiet; only in its south does the Shenjing province attract colonists, and Mukden, as the ancient capital of the first Manchu khans, until the time of Jia-ching (1796-1820) was, with its graves, the goal of the emperors' travels. Aigun Treaty (1858) took away from the Chinese Manchuria the entire coastal strip to the river. Ussuri and forced China to strengthen the country and to cleanse it from the Hunhus, who captured entire cities.

In the 1860s, the government began to persecute the Khunkhuz in the spurs of Chan-bo-shan, south of Jirin, but they rushed to the north, defeated the detachments sent against them, and plundered the entire right bank of the river. The Sungari were scattered only by the combined forces of the Jilin and Hey-Lun-Zan provinces.

In 1890, it was decided to build the Manchu railway from Shan-hai-guan to Jirin, with a branch to Nu-chuang; but its construction was delayed by the Sino-Japanese War, which concentrated in Manchuria, the Japanese fleet defeated the Chinese at the mouth of Ya-lu-jiang, and the Japanese army from Korea passed through Aizhou (Yi-qiu) to the Sheng-jing province, took control of Nu-chuang, everything Liao-tung threatened Mukden. Port Arthur was taken. According to the Shimonosek peace (1895), Liao-tung was retained by Japan, but then cleared, for an additional fee to the indemnity.

In 1895-1896, the whole European press discussed the question of whether the Russians could run a chord railway through Manchuria to one of the high seas ports: Vladivostok, Posyet Bay or Nyu-chuang.

• Pozdneev D.M. Manchuria // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.