Dyurbe Janika Hanım - a mausoleum built in the 15th century , almost completely preserved, an architectural monument located in the cave city of Chufut-Kale to the north-east of the square, closer to the cliff. It is located on the southeastern outskirts of Bakhchisarai , on the cape of the Inner ridge of the Crimean Mountains between the beams of Maryam-Dere and Ashlama-Dere (about 540 m above sea level).
| Tomb monument | |
| Mausoleum of Janike Khanum | |
|---|---|
| Dyurba Janike-hanym | |
 | |
| A country | Russia / Ukraine [1] |
| City | Chufut-Kale , Republic of Crimea , Bakhchisaray , st. Basenko, d. 57 |
| Founder | Tokhtamysh |
| Established | 1437 year |
| Building | 1437 |
| Status |  An object of cultural heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation of federal significance. Reg. No. 911510359000046 ( EGROKN ) Monument to the cultural heritage of Ukraine. Ohr No. 290/4 |
| Material | limestone tile |
| condition | The restored preserved monument |
In the Russian Federation , which controls the disputed territory of Crimea , is an object of cultural heritage of federal significance , in Ukraine - a monument of cultural heritage of national significance [2] [3] .
Description
The mausoleum represents the historical heritage of the Golden Horde , the territory adjacent to it is empty today, but in the past there was a cemetery with towers (gravestones) of the Horde times [4] . Residents of Bakhchisarai called the mausoleum of Kale-Aziz ("Kaleic shrine"), or Kyz-Aziz ("Holy Virgin").
In 1437, by order of Khan Tokhtamysh , a mausoleum was built in memory of his daughter Janika Khanum. According to another version, the mausoleum was not erected immediately after the death of Janique, but at the beginning of the 16th century , during the reign of Mengli I Giray (1468-1515). There are a lot of legends and mysteries related to the history of the mausoleum [5] [6] [7] [8] .
Along the northern cliff, from Dyurbe Dzhanike Hanim opens a view of the Ashlama-dere valley and the panorama of the Crimean mountains , rocky roads lead to the astrophysical observatory in the village of Nauchnoye , in Baklu , on Tepe-Kermen , in the Kacha river valley. The view from this precipice inspired Adam Mickiewicz to the lines of the sonnet “The Road Over the Abyss in Chufut-Kale” [9] .
Architecture
The octagonal shape of the building is borrowed from Asia Minor architecture, it was built by the masters of the East. The structure under the tiled roof, decorated with carved columns along the edges of the edges, adjoins a portal with a massive arch, decorated with carved Seljuk patterns. The upper part of the portal was compiled in the 19th century by karaites. An Arabic calligraphic inscription is carved at the entrance: these are hadith texts in which, among other things, the words “This world is the home of fuss, the future is eternal life” [4] .
In the depths of the mausoleum on a stepwise elevation there is a tombstone with an Arabic inscription: “This is the tomb of the famous empress Dzhanike-khanim, daughter of Tokhtamysh khan, who died of the month of Ramadan 841” (1437) [6] [10] .
In 1837, the Russian poet V. A. Zhukovsky , while visiting the Chufut-kale in his diary entries made such notes related to the mausoleum: “The tomb with a beautifully made inscription. The arch under it. The dust is alarmed. ” [11]
In 1886, Russian Tsar Alexander III visited Crimea, on this occasion, various architectural monuments were restored, as a result of which the mausoleum lost a number of carved ornaments, and the side pylons were blocked by an arch.
In 1940, archaeologist V.N. Babenchikov entered the crypt under the mausoleum, the walls of which are laid out in well-hewn blocks and fitted to each other. Among the earth and stones that accumulated on the floor of the tomb, scattered bones of several human skeletons were discovered. The initial burial was not preserved [11] .
Gallery
General view of the mausoleum
Stone carving at the entrance portal
Security plate of the Ukrainian SSR. Architectural monument. 1437
Tomb of the mausoleum of Dzhanike-Khanum
Notes
- ↑ This geographical feature is located on the territory of the Crimean Peninsula , most of which is the subject of territorial disagreements between Russia , which controls the disputed territory, and Ukraine , within the borders of which the disputed territory is recognized by the international community. According to the federal structure of Russia , the subjects of the Russian Federation are located in the disputed territory of Crimea - the Republic of Crimea and the city of federal significance Sevastopol . According to the administrative division of Ukraine , the regions of Ukraine are located in the disputed territory of Crimea - the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city with special status Sevastopol .
- ↑ Government of the Russian Federation. Order of October 17, 2015 No. 2073-r (October 17, 2015).
- ↑ On the streamlining of accounting and protection of architectural monuments in the territory of the Ukrainian SSR; Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian SSR; Decision of August 24, 1963 No. 970 . zakon4.rada.gov.ua. Date of treatment July 7, 2015.
- ↑ 1 2 Mausoleum of Dzhanyke-hanym on Chufut-Kale (Unavailable link) . avdet.org. Date of treatment July 7, 2015. Archived July 8, 2015.
- ↑ Dzhanyke-hanym . krymology.info. Date of treatment July 9, 2015.
- ↑ 1 2 Tomb of Dzhanyke-hanym . e-reading.club. Date of treatment July 8, 2015.
- ↑ Mausoleum of Dzhanyke-Khanym . smorodina.com. Date of treatment July 9, 2015.
- ↑ Chufut-Kale is a long-lived cave city . poluostrov-krym.com. Date of treatment July 9, 2015.
- ↑ Mausoleum of Dzhanyke-hanym . jalita.com. Date of treatment July 8, 2015.
- ↑ Mausoleum of Nenkejan khanum . kartamirakrym.blogspot.com. Date of treatment July 9, 2015.
- ↑ 1 2 When was the mausoleum of Dzhanyke erected? . chronologia.org. Date of treatment July 9, 2015.
Literature
- “Bakhchisaray: Historical and Archaeological Museum: Photo Album” / ed. text I.I. Churilov; photo: E. L. Vekslerchik, Yu. A. Neumann. - K .: Art, 1976. - 94 p.
- "Bakhchisaray: Photobook" / ed. count P.F. Kuprovsky; ph. A. Mitures; text. N. Violin. - Simferopol : "Tavria", 1986. - 128 p.
- Volkova, T. "Crimea. Personal guide ”/ T. Volkova, V. Garagulya. - Simferopol, 2003 .-- 224 p.
- Nagaevskaya, E. "Bakhchisaray." - Simferopol, 1979.- 144 p.