Lefortovsky Park ( originally Golovinsky Garden , also known as Versailles on the Yauza ) is a Moscow historical and natural monument of architecture and landscape art, built at the beginning of the 18th century, adjacent to the Catherine Palace , located in the Lefortovo district . One of the oldest parks in Moscow [1] .
| Lefortovo Park | |
|---|---|
 | |
| basic information | |
| Type of | City Park |
| Square | 46.8 ha |
| Established | 1703 |
| Architect | Dmitry Ivanov |
| mgomz.ru/lefortovo | |
| Location | |
| A country |
|
 | Object of cultural heritage, Object No. 7733065000 |
History
XVIII — XIX century
Golovinsky Garden was built in 1703 by order of Field Marshal Fyodor Golovin and was named in honor of adviser Peter I Franz Lefort . It was created on the model of the famous Versailles park , so contemporaries also called it "Versailles on the Yauz" [2] . In 1722, Peter I acquired the Golovinsky estate with the intention of making his Moscow residence out of it and remaking the park in the Dutch manner. The following year, by his decree, Nikolai Bidloo begins to equip the park, decorating it with sculptures, dams, cascades and other furniture. At this time, a huge amount of excavation work is being carried out in the park, the direction of the stream flows is changing, symmetrical paths appear [2] .
In 1730, celebrations were held at the Lefortovo residence on the occasion of the coronation of Anna Ioannovna . The Empress proclaims Lefortovo as her main Moscow residence and renames it in the German manner “ Annenhof ”. There is a legend that the “Annenhof grove” appeared in the park overnight, when, at the whim of Anna Ioannovna, adult trees were brought and planted [2] .
For the construction of a summer wooden palace, the empress invites the architect Bartolomeo Rastrelli to Moscow, who erects the Summer Annenhof in her favorite baroque style . And in 1736, he transferred the Winter Annenhof from the Kremlin so that Anna Ioannovna could live in the residence year-round. In addition to palaces, Rastrelli is actively involved in the park area. The former park becomes the Lower Garden, which is complemented by the Upper Garden, decorated with sculptures of Father Rastrelli . The palaces and cascade of ponds are combined using the central axis of the park with a length of more than a kilometer [2] . In 1742, Elizaveta Petrovna returned the name Golovinsky Garden to the park, and also made it open, that is, accessible to ordinary people. With it, new buildings appear in the park: the Opera House theater, the Church of the Resurrection of Christ and the palace, designed by Ivan Korobov and Bartolomeo Rastrelli [2] .
The palaces located in Lefortovo Park were wooden and as a result of fires they repeatedly burned down and rebuilt. In 1773, by decree of Catherine II , the construction of a new brick palace, which lasted 25 years, began on the site of the former Summer Annenhof. Antonio Rinaldi became the architect of the Catherine Palace , however, due to construction problems, the Moscow architect Karl Blank in the 1780s was forced to partially rebuild the palace and completed the construction of Giacomo Quarenghi , creating a wide loggia with a colonnade of 16 Corinthian columns on the main facade [2 ] .
After the death of Catherine II, Paul I gave the park and palaces to the military. The Catherine Palace turned into the Catherine barracks of the police regiment of Nikolai Arkharov , and numerous parade ground appeared in the park [3] .
After the death of Paul I, the park remained in the statement of the military and none of the following emperors lived in Lefortovo palaces [3] . In 1856, celebrations on the occasion of the coronation of Alexander II were held in the former Catherine Palace [3] .
XX — XXI Century
In 1904, the park was badly damaged during a hurricane .
Roofs, planks rushed, bells rang; tore off crosses and domes, tore up trees; the huge Annenhof grove was shaved off; century-old trees are either split or uprooted. The huge building of the Cadet Corps and the Paramedic School was destroyed ... - Vladimir Gilyarovsky [4] |
In Soviet times, the entire territory of the park was given to the house of officers of the Moscow Military District [2] . In 1932, the Military Academy of Armored Forces , now the Combined Arms Academy of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, was located in the building of the Catherine Palace.
In 1934, a stadium was built in the park, which continues to operate at the present time [5] .
From 1999 to 2003, archaeological research was carried out in the park, which made it possible to clarify the historical structure of the park: the location of paths, playgrounds, arbors, stairs and other things. Also, in the course of the research, white-stone elements of jewelry of the retaining wall of the Annenhof Palace of the “Annenhof Kashkada” were discovered [6] . In 2005, Lefortovo Park was included in the Moscow State Museum-Reserve [2] .
Grotto Rastrelli in Lefortovo Park
Monument to Peter I
Arbor of Peter the Great, 1910
Catherine Junge, Autumn day in the garden of the Lefortovo Palace in Moscow. 1892
Attractions
- Grotto Rastrelli
It was originally built under the leadership of Nicholas Bidloo in the 1720s. According to his design, the grotto was decorated with fountains, statues and sphinxes. In 1731, Rastrelli rebuilt the grotto, decorating it with white stone columns. At the end of the XVIII century, the grotto had a rich sculptural design. In the central niche was a statue of Hercules, in front of which there were stone seals with pipes for water pounding from them. On the sides of the lower platform were two stone sphinxes. On the site itself was a fountain with a wooden gilded newt. Near the newt there were a dozen dolphins, of which water also beat. None of the sculptures adorning the grotto has survived to date [6] .
- Gazebo rotunda
It consists of a semicircular structure lying on eight columns of gray granite. In the arbor there is a bust of Peter I, on which a quote is stamped:
“The labors of my Minich made me healthy. I hope to have no time to travel with him with water from Petersburg to Moscow and go ashore in the Golovinsky Garden. ”
It was built at the beginning of the 19th century, but was destroyed by the hurricane of 1904. On August 26 of that year, Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich ordered the arbor to be restored. In this form, it has survived to the present day [6] .
- Catherine Palace
The Catherine Palace is one of the most significant structures of Russian classicism. Currently, the palace and the area around it are under the authority of military structures and are not accessible for visiting [7] .
- Linden alley
One of the few objects preserved from the original appearance of the park.
Park water area
On the territory of the park there is a Channel of a rectangular island, as well as seven ponds: Boot, Banny, Golovinsky, Octagonal, Cross, Big and Oval.
Art Park
Ponds of Lefortovo Park and Izmailovo acted as Chistye Prudy in the film of the same name in 1965 [8] .
How to get there
There are four entrances in the park: the main entrance is from Krasnokazarmennaya Street , and three secondary ones are from Golovinskaya Embankment , from Hospital Street and from Hospital Square . You can get to the main entrance to the park, located on Krasnokazarmennaya Street , in the following ways.
- From the Aviamotornaya metro station on trolleybus 24 and trams 24, 37, 50.
- From the Baumanskaya metro station on trams 50, 37.
- From Kurskaya metro station on tram 24.
- From the metro station " Red Gate " on the trolley 24.
Notes
- ↑ Lefortovo park . Moscow parks, squares, green spaces (2010). Date of contact May 30, 2017.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Olga Stepanova. Lefortovo park . Get to know Moscow. Date of treatment May 23, 2017.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Palace and park ensemble Lefortovo . Moscow parks (March 30, 2012). Date of treatment June 1, 2017.
- ↑ V.A. Gilyarovsky. Moscow newspaper.
- ↑ shellbars. Lefortovo park - history . Sights of Moscow (March 7, 2013). Date of treatment June 1, 2017.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Alexander Telitsyn. Lefortovo park . Apograph (September 9, 2012). Date of treatment June 1, 2017.
- ↑ Catherine (Golovinsky) Palace . Moscow parks. Date of treatment June 1, 2017.
- ↑ Alexey Baykov. Moscow cinema: around Chistye Prudy . M24. Date of treatment June 1, 2017.
Literature
- Moscow. Encyclopedia / Chapters. ed. A. L. Narochnitsky . - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1980 .-- 688 p., Ill.
- Nasimovich Yu. A., Rysin L.P. Lefortovo / Scientific Council of the Russian Academy of Sciences for the Study and Protection of Cultural and Natural Heritage. - M.: Publishing House of the Boris Schukin Theater Institute , 2003. - 32 p. - ( Natural and cultural heritage of Moscow ).
- A. G. Veksler, V. Yu. Pirogov. Archaeological research in Lefortovo Park . // Kadashev readings. Collection of conference reports. Issue 6 —M.: The Conservation Society, lit. Heritage Publishing house ORPK "Kadashevskaya Sloboda". 2010.S. 58-69.
Links
- mgomz.ru - the official site of the Moscow State United Museum-Reserve
- Moscow United Museum-Reserve Territory "Lefortovo"
- Scheme of the Lefortovo Park
- 50Mpx circular panorama of the central flower zone (flower parterre) of Lefortovo Park, 2010
- Lefortovo Park (PKiO Lefortovo) on MosDay.ru