Reissig, Cornelius Hristianovich

Born in Steinbach , Thuringia ^[1] . The father was an inspector at the Mathematics Cabinet in Kassel ^[2] .

He arrived in Russia from Kassel around 1810, possibly at the invitation of EF Kankrin (who later patronized Reussig and his undertakings and, presumably, was familiar with the Reussig family in Hesse-Kassel ^[3] ), or on the initiative of P.M. Volkonsky ^[4] . In one of the letters of S. S. Uvarov , I. V. Goethe mentions that Prince Repnin "sent Reussig to Petersburg" ^[5] .

From 1811 until his retirement in 1857, he directed the machine shop at the General Staff in St. Petersburg ^[6] ; he was enrolled in service since March 21, 1812 ^[7] .

In April 1831 he received the rank of State Councilor ^[7] .

From 1834 he was a member of the Manufacturing Council of the Department of Manufacturing and Domestic Trade of the Ministry of Finance and the Technical Committee of the Institute of Technology ^[2] . In 1837 he was appointed manager of the mechanical department at the Forest and Land Survey Institute ^[6] .

The creator and trustee of one of the first art-industrial educational institutions in Russia - the Drawing School for free comers ^[8] .

Consisted as a corresponding member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences (from 16 ( 28 ) August 1814 ) ^[9] , correspondent of the Free Economic Society (from 18 ( 30 ) September 1815 ) and honorary member ^{[10] of the} Moscow Society of Naturalists (September 15, 27 ) 1834 ), a member of the Society for Testers of Nature in Halle , the Mineralogical Society in Jena , the Wetterau Natural History Society ( German Wetterauische Gesellschaft ) ^[11] in Hanau , and also an honorary free member of the Imperial Academy of Arts ^[2] .

He entered several Masonic lodges: Peter to the truth (in 1812 - 1821), St. George (in St. Petersburg; honorary member of the lodge), Isis (in Reval ; honorary member of the lodge from 1817) and a branch of the Engbud society (society for the study of Freemasonry at the bed of Peter to the truth); honorary member of the Scottish Lodge of George, a member of the box of him. Absalom zu den drei Nesseln (not later than from 1815) ^[12] .

Reissig died in 1860, was buried at the Volkovsky Lutheran cemetery ^{[1] [13]} ; the tombstone marking the place of the family burial of the Reussigov was transferred to the Lazarevskoye cemetery in the 1930s ^[14] . The author of the monument, the German sculptor A. Yu. Streichenberg ( August Augustius Streichenberg ), was briefly a teacher of the sculptural class in the open drawing school for free comers by Reussig. ^[15]

List of awards K. H. Reissig (1844 ^[16] ):

• Order of St. Anne, 2 degrees (1816)
• Order of the Red Eagle, 3 degrees (Prussia, 1818)
• Order of St. Anne 2nd Degree with Diamonds (1822)
• Order of St. Vladimir, 3 degrees (1824)
• Order of the White Falcon ( Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach , 1830)
• ( Hesse-Kassel , 1835)
• Order of St. Stanislav 2 degree (1837)
• Badge of Honor for 25 years of service (1837)
• Order of St. Stanislav 1 degree (1843)

In 1811, Reussig was identified at the Quartermaster Section in St. Petersburg as "a professor for teaching astronomy and practical trigonometry and for the establishment of a machine shop." ^{[6] The} mechanical workshop, which was opened on the project and under the leadership of Reussig in 1811, was to provide the instruments for the topographical survey of the military department - the Quartermaster Unit, the Depot of maps and the Engineering Department. The workshop was renamed from 1821 to the Mechanical Facility, in 1832 - to the Mechanical Division of the Military Topographical Depot of the General Staff . ^[17]

In the workshop, new devices were created, old ones were repaired, and the designs of existing devices were improved (in particular, one of the improved designs is known as the “Reussig frame”). The range of tools produced by the workshop was quite wide: mirror rulers, menzules, astrolabes , compass with diopters, levels , alidads with telescopes, mirror sextants , mirror compasses, repetitive theodolites ; telescopes, pocket sextants, stopwatches, normal gauges, barometers, thermometers, measuring tapes, transverse scales, preparatory and other drawing tools. In 1817, the first basic instrument in Russia was manufactured in the workshop. ^[17]

The products of the mechanical workshop were used not only for the purposes of the Military Topographical Depot. For example, in the 1820s, tools made in the workshop were used by the Engineering Department, Department of Departments, the Department of State Property (for land surveying forests), the artillery department, the General Directorate of Communications, as well as for scientific and educational purposes in St. Petersburg and Kazan universities, and civilian schools ^[17] . A repetitive theodolite made at the Mechanical Institution was used in the Struve arc ^[18] . Tools were also made for private individuals — F. F. Berg , P. M. Volkonsky, and others. ^[17]

Over the years, the heyday of the steel workshop of the 1840s and 1850s. Reissig remained the head of the workshop from the opening until his retirement in 1857. ^[17] Reussig's name is engraved, among others, on the table commemorative medal “In commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the Military Topographers Corps. 1822–1872 ” - as a sign of his merits in front of the Corps. ^[nineteen]

Another aspect of Reussig’s work was the organization of art education. For the St. Petersburg Practical Technological Institute founded in 1828 by Reussig, a program of “graphic studies” was drawn up, which included training in drawing, technical and artistic drawing ^[8] . Reissig took an active part in the opening of free public drawing and drawing classes at the Technological Institute, which worked on Sundays and public holidays from 1832 or 1833. drawing and modeling. ^[eight]

The success of these endeavors pushed Reussig to implement the idea of ​​an independent educational institution. The Free Drawing School for free comers was supposed to give accessible art education and “develop the taste” of artisans and workers. The school project proposed by Reussig was approved in 1839. According to Reissig's plan, a whole network of similar art schools in the “manufacturing cities” of Russia was supposed to be created, but this part of the project did not find the support of the authorities, as well as the idea of ​​opening schools in St. Petersburg. ^[eight]

The school was opened on May 26, 1840, “in the presence of 110 pupils,” was under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Commerce and located in the building of the South Warehouse on the Spit of Vasilyevsky Island (the Zoological Museum later moved to this building); The unofficial name of “School on the Stock Exchange” was kept for a long time by the school even after it moved out of the warehouse building. ^[eight]

In 1842, female classes were opened at the school, under the auspices of Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna . ^[eight]

The school program included drawing, drawing ornaments for textiles, modeling, technical drawing, from the 1840s - drawing architectural ornaments. In 1842, an electroforming class was opened at the school, which was initially led by the discoverer of the method B. S. Jacobi , and then by the technologists A. Briand and P. I. Evreinov. Shortly before Reussig left school, the woodcut class was opened. ^[eight]

For the needs of the School Reussig was released several editions. A small booklet "On the study of art of drawing and its application to crafts" (1840) contained the curriculum of the School and the methodological provisions in which Reissig advocated the ideas of classicism , both aesthetic and pedagogical ^[8] . In 1843 a compilation of drawings came out - a handbook on geometric drawing for artisans, and in 1845 an atlas of architectural orders "for teaching artisans in Drawing schools and for awarding the most excellent pupils as an award."

In 1858 the School on the Stock Exchange passed under the patronage of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts .

Reussig compiled the first Russian atlas of the starry sky, containing 102 constellations (in contrast to the modern 88) ^[20] ; the images are based on the Bode drawings with some modifications ^[21] . The atlas was published in several versions: with black-and-white lithographs , with colored colored lithographs, as well as an edition where the drawings of the constellations are made of gold on a dark blue background ^[20] . In this edition, for clarity, “in order to coordinate with these Tables as closely as possible, the impression made by the clear night sky above the simple eye”, ^[21] - stars of different sizes are marked white, holes are punched in the center of the images of stars and the turnover of the page is sealed with light tissue paper; thus, the constellation scheme can be viewed in the light. ^{[6] [22]}

K. X Reissig is the author of a number of publications, including ^{[Comm 2]} :

• Reissig, Cornelius. A new menzula built at the Mechanical Facility established at the General Staff e. I. at. described by Cornelius Reissig, professor of astronomy and director of the institution. - St. Petersburg: in the printing house of Alexander Plyushar, 1816.
• Chord tables for all angles of a quarter of a circle that serve to impose measured angles on a paper, with a description of a direct compass belonging to this / Calculated and published with two drawings by Ph.D. of Astronomy Professor Cornelius Reissig. - St. Petersburg: in the printing house of the General Staff, 1817.
• Reissig, Cornelius. Mirror sextant and compass defining angles by means of reflection, arranged to facilitate actions during military shootings by collegiate adviser and cavalier C. Reussig. - St. Petersburg: printed in the printing house of the General Staff, 1820.
• Reissig, Cornelius. Reflective compass and reflecting altimeter, described by Cornelius Reussig. - St. Petersburg: printed in the printing house of the General Staff, 1822.
• Reissig, Cornelius. Alidad with a new dispensation dispensation, improved and described by Cornelius Reissig. - St. Petersburg: printed in the printing house of the General Staff, 1823.
• Reissig, Cornelius. Nivelle instrument, made in the Mechanical institution of the General Staff of its imperial majesty and described by the State Councilor Reussig. - St. Petersburg: printed in the printing house of the General Staff, 1823.
• Reissig Cornelius background. Constellations presented on the XXX tables describing them and a guide to their convenient search in the sky, compiled for educational institutions and lovers of astrognosia / Ed. Reyssiga. - St. Petersburg: Reussig, 1829.
• Reissig Cornelius background. Constellations presented on the XXX tables with a description of these and a guide to their convenient search in the sky, compiled for educational institutions and lovers of astrognosia . - SPb: Printing house of H. Gints, 1829.
• On the study of the art of drawing and the application of onago to crafts, for teachers and students of the drawing school for volunteers in St. Petersburg / Comp. The Trustee of the School D. Stat. Advisor Reisig. - St. Petersburg: Type. Dep. foreign trade, 1840.
• Drawings for use in drawing classes of the drawing school for freelancers and Sunday drawing schools, consisting of 24 tables, with explanatory texts. - St. Petersburg: type. K. Kraya, 1843.
• Five orders of columns on the system of ancient and new builders. - St. Petersburg: Printed in the lithograph by A. Tyulev, 1845.
• Reissig Cornelius von. Der Apparat zur Messung einer Basis . - St. Petersburg: Buchdruckerei der besondern Kanzellei des Ministeriums des Innern, 1823. - 15 S.
• Reissig Cornelius von. Das Barometer zum Höhenmessen verfertigt im mechanischen Institut des Kayserlichen General-Stabs. - St. Petersburg, 1824.
• Reissig Cornelius von. Der multiplicirende Theodolit, mit Anleitung zu seiner Berichtigung: Verfertigt im mechanischen Institut des Kaiserlichen Generalstabs. - St. Petersburg, 1820.
• Reissig Cornelius von. Tafeln der Chorden für alle Winkel des Quadranten: zum Gebrauche, die gemessenen Winkel auf das Papier zu entwerfen, nebst Beschreibung eines dazu gehörigen u Stangenzirkels / berechnet u. hrsg. von Cornelius von Reissig. - St. Petersburg: Typ. des Kaiserlichen General-Stabs, 1817.
• Reissig Cornelius von. Der Spiegel-Sertant sur Erleichterung des Situations-Details den militärischen Aufnahmen / berechnet u. hrsg. von Cornelius von Reissig. - St. Petersburg.