Orenburg province

The Orenburg province was located in the South-East of the European part of Russia and had an area of ​​372,989 km² (in 1847), 189,717 km² (in 1905) ^[2] , 67,989 km² (in 1926 ) ^[3] .

The Southern Urals crosses the province, with its individual peaks (Yaman-tau) reaching 1640 m. The mountain slopes are covered with forests (up to 2 thousand sq. Km). The East Asian part of the province and the South are of a steppe character. The soil in the highlands is rocky, in the steppes - black soil.

First inhabitants territories were Iranian ( Scythians , Sarmatians , Saks , Massagets , Sabirs ) and, later, Finno-Ugric tribes ( Magyars ); Stralenberg and Humboldt recognize the Bashkirs , the most ancient inhabitants of the region, for the people of the " Finnish tribe ", who only in the course of time adopted the " Turkic type ". In the XIII century, Historical Bashkiria and the lands lying between the Volga and the Urals were conquered by the Mongols and depended on the khanates of Kazan and Astrakhan , as well as the Nogai Horde .

In the second half of the XVII century, the Russian kingdom began to increase influence in the Urals and gradually capture the modern territory of the region. Between the Urals and the Volga, the peoples of the Great Tatar Horde wandered; of these, the Nogais were considered stronger and richer than others, possessing the entire lower course of the Yaik ( Urals ). Most of the Orenburg district, the entire Orsky, Verkhneuralsky , Troitsky districts and part of Chelyabinsk, as well as the Shadrinsky, Yekaterinburg, Krasnoufimsky districts of the Perm province and most of the Ufa province constituted the country known as Bashkiria and inhabited by the Bashkirs. Behind them southeast of the hordes of Kyrgyz-Kaisaks (Kazakhs) wandered in the steppes, at that time they were very strong and possessed the cities of Tashkent , Samarkand and others. The Tatar hordes and Nogais were weakened due to turmoil and strife between them, the Kyrgyz for their remoteness from these lands. The Bashkirs, exhausted by internal clan divisions, constrained by the raids of the Kirghiz-Kaisaks, preferred to directly recognize the vassality from the Russian kingdom (see Bashkirs ) .

Of the Russians, the first colonists on the banks of the Urals were people who fled from the executions of Grozny and were generally dissatisfied with the order of things in Russia. Peter I foresaw that with the assertion of Russian authority in the southeast, trade with central Asia should develop; he considered the present Orenburg Territory as a wide gate to Asia. The fulfillment of his plans began, however, only under Anna Ivanovna . The first organizers of the region were Kirilov (1735–37), V. N. Tatishchev (1737–39), and I. I. Neplyuev (1742). When a line of fortresses was built here, the backbone of the Russian population of the province were Cossacks.

On March 15, 1744, the Orenburg province was established, and Iset and Ufa provinces of the Kazan province and the Orenburg commission of the Astrakhan province were included in its composition. In 1752, Guryev- Gorodok was attached to the province from the Astrakhan province, in 1773 , the city of Samara from the Kazan province.

As of October 1775 , the province consisted of the following provinces ^[2] :

• Orenburg Province
• Iset province
• Ufa Province

At the end of 1781, the Orenburg province was transformed into Ufa governorship with the addition of the Chelyabinsk district of Perm governorship . This new governorship (with a center in Ufa ) was divided into 2 regions - Ufa and Orenburg.

8 counties are assigned to the Ufa region:

• Ufa County
• Birsky County
• Menzelinsky County
• Bugulma County
• Buguruslan County
• Belebeevsky County
• Sterlitamak County
• Chelyabinsk district

4 districts are assigned to the Orenburg region:

• Orenburg County
• Verkhneuralsk district
• Buzuluk district
• Sergievsky County

At the same time, the cities of Guryev and Uralsk were assigned to the Astrakhan province .

In 1796, the Ufa governorate was renamed the Orenburg province; the center was transferred from Ufa to Orenburg . In 1802, the city ​​of Ufa was again appointed a provincial city, instead of Orenburg . In 1850, with the formation of the Samara province , the districts of Bugulminsky , Buguruslansky and Buzuluksky were separated to the last from the Orenburg province.

In 1865, the Orenburg province was divided into two: Ufa and Orenburg. At the same time, the Orenburg Cossack army , which until then was not subordinate to the general provincial administration, was included in the province, the governor of which was at the same time the chief ataman of the army. In the same year, the Bashkirs, who had their own particular superiors, canton and yurt, were subordinated, along with the peasants of all departments, to the general provincial administration.

Until 1868, the Orenburg Cossack army was divided into 12 regiments and military districts; then the military districts were renamed into departments, and the district chiefs - atamans of the departments. Atamanism 3: the first in Orenburg and partly in the Orenburg district, the second in Orsk and Verkhneuralsk, the third in Troitsk and Chelyabinsk counties.

The Orenburg province was among the 17 regions recognized as seriously affected during the famine of 1891-1892 .

On August 27, 1919, the Troitsk and Chelyabinsk counties were transferred from the Orenburg province to the newly formed Chelyabinsk province , the Upper Ural district was divided between the Bashkir Soviet Republic and the Chelyabinsk province .

In August 1920, the Orenburg province became part of the newly formed autonomy within the RSFSR - the Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic with its capital in Orenburg . Almost immediately after joining the Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the Orenburg province was merged with the Turgai province into the Orenburg-Turgai province , but a year later it was again separated into an independent province. In June 1922, the Isaevo-Dedovsky district was created (in 1923 it was renamed Kashirinsky district ).

In June 1925, when the autonomy was renamed to the Kazak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, its capital was transferred to Kzyl-Orda , and in July 1925 the Orenburg province was withdrawn from the autonomy and directly subordinated to the RSFSR. In 1927, districts were created in the province.

On May 14, 1928, the Orenburg province was abolished, its territory was included in the Middle Volga region .

From 1865 to 1919, 5 counties were part of the Orenburg province :

As of July 1, 1924, the province consisted of three counties, which were divided into 36 volosts. ^[4] : Orenburg, Orsky, Kashirinsky districts.

On May 30, 1927, a regional division was formed with 16 districts.

Military Governors

Governors

Provincial leaders of the nobility

Vice Governors

Residents - 1836 thousand; The population density is 10 inhabitants per 1 sq. Km. km; in 6 cities 174 thousand inhabitants.

The results of the census on the mother tongue in 1897 ^[5] :

Noble birth

Vorobyov , Zhukovsky , Kirilov , Kulnev , Yumatov , Fedorov .

The climate is continental: dry and severe, despite the summer heat. The average temperature for Orenburg (51 ° 45´ N) is 1-3.6.

Mineral wealth is significant; In 1903 , gold was mined: 278 square meters, copper ore - 7 million tons, manganese - 1 million tons, iron (in pig iron, iron and steel) - 118 million tons, rock salt 36 million tons. Rivers: Urals with Sakmara, Belaya (Volga system), Tobol, a tributary of the Irtysh, and their tributaries. There are up to 1,500 lakes in the eastern steppe part of the province, of which up to 100 are bitterly salty, the rest are rich in fish.

72% of all land belongs to Cossacks and peasants (including Bashkirs), 14% - to private owners, 4% - to the treasury and inheritance, and 10% - to factories, companies, etc. Agriculture: arable lands occupy 30% of the entire province, forests 20 % produce: spring wheat, oats, rye, barley, etc. Cattle breeding is extensive, especially among the Bashkirs; 1906 cattle were: 1,019 thousand horses, 1095 thousand cattle, 1459 thousand sheep, 143 thousand pigs and one thousand camels.

Handicrafts: mainly processing livestock products (woolen fabrics, goat down scarves and more). Factories and factories (excluding mining plants) 189 with production of 14 million rubles., Of which in Orenburg , 6 million rubles .; more significant production: cereals (6 million rubles), cattle and salted (1700 thousand rubles), leather (900 thousand rubles), wool-washed (526 thousand rubles) and others.

Sales of bread and livestock, extensive exchange trade with Central Asia (turnover up to 10 million rubles); exchange yards in the cities of Orenburg, Troitsk and Orsk. The railway crosses the Orenburg province at 495 miles (in S. Sibirskaya).

Educational institutions (1905) 1,690 (of which 12 are secondary) with 97,212 students; literate 20%.

• Адрес-календарь и памятная книжка Оренбургской губернии на 1912 год. Оренбург, 1912
• Списки населенных мест Оренбургской губернии 1871, 1901, JPG

• ЭСБЕ:Оренбургская губерния
• Список населённых мест. Ч. II. Оренбургская губерния, 1866
• Карта Уфимской и Оренбургской губерний из «Атласа» А. А. Ильина 1876 года (просмотр на движке Google на сайте runivers.ru)
• Оренбургская губерния. — (Статистика Российской империи; 16. вып. 3) — СПб., 1890.
• Библиотека Царское Село, книги по истории Оренбургской губернии (Памятные книжки), PDF