Endocrine surgery

Thyroid surgery makes up the majority of endocrine surgeries worldwide. The first surgical experience in correcting the functioning of the endocrine glands was surgery for thyroid dysfunction. The foundations of thyroid surgery were laid by N.I. Pirogov in 1831, when a 20-year-old graduate of Moscow University described various options for surgical interventions, including access to the organ, indications for extirpation, and a doctor’s degree at the Professor’s Institute. stages of thyroidectomy ^[1] . However, it was only in 1847 in Vladikavkaz that N.I. Pirogov performed the first stumectomy (complete or partial removal of the thyroid gland). The dissertation of Dr. N. F. Lezhnev (1904) ^[2] became the first significant work, a systematic review of half a century of experience in performing surgical operations on the thyroid gland. A.A. Bobrov , professor of operative surgery at Moscow University , since 1893 was the first in the world who began to operate under visual control of the recurrent laryngeal nerves in order to avoid the development of specific complications during thyroid surgery ^[3] . V.I. Razumovsky in 1903 was the first to apply puncture and excision diagnostics of thyroid cancer, characterized medullary cancer, and used laryngoscopic examination of all thyroid patients before surgery. These innovations have now acquired the quality of the “gold standard” for the diagnosis and surgical treatment of thyroid diseases ^[4] .

Parathyroid surgery - interventions for pathologies of the parathyroid glands. Parathyroidectomy - removal of abnormal parathyroid glands, as a rule, is performed for primary hyperparathyroidism .

Main article: Adrenalectomy

Adrenalectomy - surgical removal of the adrenal glands is carried out with indications such as Conn syndrome , pheochromocytoma , adrenocortical cancer , etc.

Pancreatic endocrine diseases occur very rarely, for example, insulinoma (a type of insuloma, pancreatic beta-cell tumor), gastrinoma (Zollinger – Ellison syndrome; ulcerogenic pancreatic adenoma), etc. Surgical interventions for these indications range from simple tumor enucleation to more large-scale resection.

Modern science has the following methods for diagnosing the state of endocrine glands:

• ultrasound with simultaneous biopsy (sampling of cells);
• X-ray examination using radioisotope compounds;
• magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ;
• study of cell structure at the molecular genetic level;
• determination of the hormonal background;
• scanning of blood vessels to determine the adequacy of blood supply.

Using the methods and surgical techniques of endocrine surgery, treatment is carried out according to the following indications:

• nodular forms of euthyroid goiter;
• toxic forms of goiter;
• hormone-active tumors of the adrenal gland;
• diseases of the parathyroid glands ;
• neoplasms of the thyroid gland;
• hormone-active tumors of the pancreas;
• autoimmune thyroid disease;
• other adrenal gland neoplasms and retroperitoneal space.

• "Endocrine Surgery . " www.endocrinesurgeons.org.au . [Society of Endocrine Surgeons of Australia and New Zealand]
• Romanchishen A.F. Surgery of the thyroid and parathyroid glands // St. Petersburg: IPK "Vesti. - 2009. - 647 c. Http://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=19551508
• Russian Association of Endocrine Surgeons. http://www.as-endo.ru/associacia_endocrinnyikh_khiryrgov.html