Catacomb schools ( German Katakombenschulen ) are underground German schools that arose in South Tyrol in the 1920s as a reaction to the Italianization campaign.
Content
- 1 History
- 2 notes
- 3 Literature
- 4 See also
History
In 1918, after the defeat of Austria-Hungary in the First World War, South Tyrol was annexed to Italy . In the early 1920s, the fascist government began the Italianization of the region. In particular, educational institutions with teaching in German were closed. The ban affected about 30,000 German-speaking students in more than 300 schools. All German kindergartens and universities with teaching in German were also closed [1] [2] . Austrian school teachers were replaced by Italians. In November 1925, private lessons in German were banned, after which the training went underground. School books were smuggled ; classes were conducted by dismissed German teachers and women volunteers. The emphasis in clandestine schools was on teaching writing and reading in German. In case of discovery, teachers were threatened with a prison. Many of the teachers caught were deported to southern Italy. So, one of the organizers of the underground training, lawyer Joseph Noldin, was deported to Lipari in 1927 [1] [3] [4] .
After the signing of the Lateran Treaty in 1929, Sunday schools in German were allowed [1] [2] .
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 Die Südtirolfrage , Institute of contemporary history; University of Innsbruck; Rolf Steininger , < http://www.uibk.ac.at/zeitgeschichte/zis/stirol.html >
- ↑ 1 2 A brief contemporary history of Alto Adige / Südtirol (1918-2002) , Parliament of the Autonomous Province of Bolzano / Bozen
- ↑ Zimmermann, Z., Ein Besuch in Bozen / Italien (Onde 24/2005), Saarbrücken
- ↑ Angela Nikoletti , Frauen-Biographieforschung eV - Institut für Frauen-Biographieforschung, Hannover , < http://www.fembio.org/biographie.php/frau/biographie/angela-nikoletti/ >
Literature
- Villgrater, Maria: Katakombenschule, Bozen 1984
See also
- Ikastola