Sergiev Posad

Sergiev Posad is located in the central European part of Russia, on the Central Russian Upland, in the north-eastern part of the Moscow Region, 52 km from Moscow and 200 km from Yaroslavl. Distance from MKAD - 52 km. The distance by rail from the Moscow-Yaroslavskaya station ( Yaroslavsky railway station ) to the Sergiev Posad station is 71 km.

The city flows the river Konchura . The terrain is hilly. The climate is temperate continental . The coldest month of the year is January, the warmest is July.

The main transport artery of the city is the Red Army Avenue . The railway line Moscow - Yaroslavl passes through the southern part of the city. An overpass was erected at the intersection of the railway line and the prospectus of the Red Army, put into operation in 2002.

On March 22, 1782, Catherine II signed a decree according to which Sergiev Posad was established from villages and settlements near the Trinity-Sergius Lavra. The name is associated with the name of Sergius of Radonezh , the founder of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra , around which a posad was formed. The establishment of Sergiev Posad occurred during the provincial reform of the Russian Empire ^[4] .

In 1919, Sergiev Posad was transformed into the city of Sergiev , while becoming the center of the county .

On March 6, 1930, by a resolution of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, the city ​​was renamed Zagorsk in honor of the revolutionary Vladimir Zagorsky who died in 1919. In 1976, a monument to Zagorsky by sculptor A. Efremenko was erected on Red Army Avenue.

September 23, 1991 by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, the city ​​was returned to its historical name - Sergiev Posad ^{[5] [6] [7]} . A monument to Sergius of Radonezh , made of bronze, by sculptor Valentin Chukharkin, was installed near the walls of the Lavra. Consecrated March 18, 2000 by Patriarch Alexy II ^[8] .

until the sixteenth century

“In the 1340s,” describes Epiphanius the Wise, who compiled a biography of Sergius of Radonezh at the beginning of the 15th century, “in the backwoods on the Makovets hill at the confluence of the Konchura River with the forest stream Vondyuga by the brothers Bartholomew (in the monasticism of Sergius) and Stefan, a cell and a small church were cut down in honor of the Trinity. ”Around the cell and the church a small monastery was formed in the form of a town surrounded by a fence where monks, followers of Sergius of Radonezh, served.

In 1380, Prince Dmitry Donskoy , according to a later unreliable legend, arrived in the monastery of Sergius of Radonezh for a blessing before the battle on the Kulikovo field with the troops of the Golden Horde. ^[9]

In 1408, the monastery was completely burned by the Tatar temnik Edigey , who undertook another devastating campaign against Moscow and its environs. ^[10] In 1422, the white stone Trinity Cathedral was built .

Adjacent to the walls of the monastery is the Servicing Sloboda, where trusted officials lived, managing the monastery estates. Near the monastery there were villages : Klementievo (in the south of the monastery), Kopnino (in the south-west), Panino (in the west), Blagoveshchensk (in the north-west), Kukuevo (in the north). Over time, these villages formed a ring around the monastery and were later included in a single settlement ^[11] .

XVI — XVIII centuries

In 1540, the construction of defensive structures — brick walls with towers — began in the monastery. Ivan the Terrible contributed to the transformation of the monastery into a powerful fortress. In addition, a moat was dug on the east side of the walls, a huge pond was dug to the south, and dams were made in the ravines surrounding the monastery. From 1559 to 1585, the massive Assumption Cathedral was built, the prototype of which is the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin .

Formed Lower and Upper Service Sloboda (on the site of modern streets Mitkin and Karl Marx). In 1557, two stone churches were built in the Lower Service Village in Pyatnitskaya and Vvedensky churches. In the Upper Serving Settlement there was a wooden church in honor of the Nativity of Christ.

The village of Klementyevo, located on the way to the monastery, has become a place of rapid trade. The traditional fair from the nearby Radonezh was moved here . In the village there are two wooden churches with a bell tower, a vast area with shops, a monastery hotel. Other villages around the monastery remained sparsely populated ^[12] .

In 1608-1610 the monastery was besieged by Polish-Lithuanian troops for 16 months.

Peter I retained the importance of the royal and important state fortress and visited the monastery more than once, and in 1689, during the Streltsy revolt in Moscow, young Peter took refuge behind the walls of the monastery. ^{[13] [14]}

XVIII — XX centuries

In 1845, a highway was laid that connected Sergievsky Posad with Moscow. In 1862, Fedor Chizhov and Ivan Mamontov laid the Moscow-Trinity Railway to the Sergievo station ^[15] .

In the Soviet period, large industrial enterprises began to appear in the city: in 1934 the Zagorsk Optical and Mechanical Plant and in 1938 the Zagorsk Electromechanical Plant ^{[7] [15]} .

In 1941, the city of Zagorsk, Zagorsk district, was assigned to the category of cities of regional subordination. In 1991, it, together with the district, was renamed the historical name Sergiev Posad. In 2001, the city was demoted and became a city of regional subordination. In 2006-2019, it was the center of the urban settlement of Sergiev Posad, Sergiev Posad municipal district .

As of January 1, 2019, the city was in 169th place out of 1,115 ^[48] cities of the Russian Federation in terms of population ^[49] .

Date of adoption: March 16, 1883; April 29, 1998; November 15, 2006 ^[50] . Number in the Heraldic Register of the Russian Federation: 310

The current emblem of the city was developed on the basis of the historical emblem of Sergiev Posad in the Moscow province, approved in 1883.

Description

In the azure field of the shield there is a silver battlement, azure-mutated wall with black gates with silver clips on them, which creates a silver tower with a golden church dome, which is crowned with a six-pointed Calvary cross. On the sides of the tower are two golden reeds in a pillar, the blades of which are turned to the right.

Color symbolism

- golden color: a symbol of wealth, stability, respect, sunlight and energy;
- silver color: a symbol of purity, perfection, peace and mutual understanding;
- blue color: a symbol of honor, nobility, spirituality, clear sky and water open spaces;
- black color: a symbol of wisdom, modesty, eternity of being. ^[50]

Monasteries

Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius

A unique urban and Russian attraction is the architectural ensemble of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra of more than fifty architectural structures. Here Andrei Rublev painted the icon of the “ Trinity ”. In these walls the heirs to the throne were baptized. During the Streltsy rebellion of 1682, young Peter I took refuge here ^[51] .

Trinity Monastery is holy not only for devout hearts, but also for zealous lovers of national glory; not only Russians, but also the most enlightened foreigners who know our history, are curious to see the places of great incidents. ^[52] .

Within the walls of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra are the Moscow Theological Academy (MDA, since 1814) and a seminary.

In 1993, the Lavra was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List .

Savior-Bethany Monastery

The Savior-Bethany monastery was originally conceived by the Moscow Metropolitan Plato (Levshin) as deserts for the burial of the brethren of Lavra. The monastery was built Transfiguration Cathedral with the symbolic Mount Tabor inside. On the top of this mountain, a chapel was built in honor of the Transfiguration of the Lord , and inside the mountain in the form of a cave a chapel of the righteous Lazarus was created, recalling the burial cave where Lazarus was located before his resurrection. The monastery also housed the Bethany Theological Seminary .

In Soviet times, the monastery was closed, many of its structures were demolished or rebuilt. Currently, the monastery is being restored ^[53] .

Gethsemane Chernihiv skit

Museums

Toy museum

The full name of the museum is the Federal State Institution “Art and Pedagogical Museum” of the Russian Academy of Education ^[54] . The museum was founded in 1918 by the artist, collector, museum figure Nikolai Bartram . The museum owns one of the largest and most unique collections of toys in Russia. The exposition consists of collections: “Russian folk toy”, “Toys of the East”, “Russian and West European toy of the 19th century”, “Russian and West European children's portrait of the 17th-21st centuries”. In total, more than 30,000 exhibits. The exhibition hall is constantly working.

Sergiev Posad State Historical and Art Museum-Reserve

The museum was created in 1920 on the basis of a collection of historical and artistic values ​​of the Holy Trinity Sergeyeva Lavra. In 1992, the museum was classified as one of the most valuable objects of the national cultural heritage of Russia, and most of the museum, with the exception of the exposition “Sacristy” of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, was taken outside the monastery and is located in several old mansions in the city center.

The museum presents a unique and one of the largest in Russia collection of ancient Russian art of the XIV-XIX centuries: icon painting , sewing, jewelry, carving and painting on wood, stone, bones.

The museum conducts active research, publishing and exhibition work. Scientific conferences, archaeological expeditions, current exhibitions and other events are held annually ^[55] .

Church and archaeological office of the Moscow Theological Academy

Zagorsk Matryoshka

The landmark of the city is Zagorsk Matryoshka. According to one version, the Russian matryoshka was born in Sergiev Posad. The first Russian nesting doll, carved according to the sketches of the artist Sergey Malyutin, the best toy artist from Sergiev Posad V.P. Zvezdochkin, was born in 1890-1900. The prototype was a toy brought from the island of Honshu by the wife of S.I. Mamontov - a good bald old man, the god of luck Fukurokuju , in the form of which there were several more figures embedded one into another. Matryoshka Malyutina became a peasant girl with a black cock in her hands. Today, both artifacts are stored in the exposition of the Toy Museum in Sergiev Posad.

Sergiev Posad is the oldest center for the production of Russian dolls and wooden toys.

In 1904, a matryoshka factory was created, which in Soviet times, significantly expanding its assortment, was called Zagorsk Toy Factory No. 1, and in the 1990s it was renamed as Artistic Products and Toys. Today, the company has preserved the previously developed tradition and technology of Zagorskoy Matryoshka - they are still specially prepared by craftsmen and painted by hand, which preserves the uniqueness of this craft. The company produces dolls traditional from Soviet times (development of a research institute for toys), as well as dolls dressed in authentic ethnographic costumes of provinces and counties of Russia. ^[56]

The Bogorodskaya toy in the village of Bogorodskoye, Sergiev Posad district, has retained its 300-year-old tradition to this day. At the Bogorodsk Toy Factory, funny plot sculptural toys from linden on the theme of Russian fairy tales or on the theme of Russia of the 19th century are "cut" manually. But a distinctive feature of this craft is a moving toy. The most famous toy - "Blacksmiths", depicts a man and a bear, who alternately beat on the anvil. Bogorodskaya toy is another unique craft of Russia.

• Cultural and educational center "Dubrava" named after Archpriest Alexander Me

Located in the Semkhoz microdistrict, it conducts exposition and exhibition activities and holds events of a cultural and educational nature. Named after Archpriest Alexander Me . The center hosts the annual conference "Menevsky Readings" ^[57] .

• Palace of Culture Yu. A. Gagarina

Located on the avenue of the Red Army. The decision to build was made by the administration of the Zagorsk Optical and Mechanical Plant in 1948. Built by architect Nikolai Alexandrovich Metlin. Opened on November 5, 1954 ^{[58] [59]} .

• Theater Studio "Theater Ark"

Created in 2004, located on Karl Liebknecht Street , it is a professional repertoire theater and belongs to the category of chamber theaters (small capacity). Every year, starting in 2014, the Trinity International Theater Festival ^{[60] [61]} is held at the theater.

• City Children's Home of Culture "Rodnik" ^[62]
• Central City Library A. S. Gorlovsky ^[63]
• Leisure and aesthetic center "Heritage" ^[64]
• The annual festival of balloons of special forms "Sky of St. Sergius"
• Orthodox Youth Club "Source"
• Club "Young Archeologist" at the Historical and Art Museum-Reserve

• City Hospital No. 1
• GUZ MOPB number 5
• TB Dispensary
• Medical Center INVITRO
• Orthodontic center "Smile"
• Maternity and Childhood Center ( v. Mishutino ) 9 km from Sergiev Posad

• Moscow Theological Academy

The largest center for theological education in the Russian Orthodox Church ^[65] .

• Sergiev Posad Humanitarian Institute
• Sergiev Posad Agricultural College
• Moscow Regional Professional College (IOCC)
• Branches:
  • All-Russian State Institute of Cinematography named after S. A. Gerasimov (VGIK); (college, former Zagorsk film school)
  • Sergiev-Posad branch of the Higher School of Folk Arts (toy college)
  • Moscow Institute of Economics, Management and Law ;
  • Moscow State Pedagogical University ;
  • Moscow University of Finance and Law (IFLA);
  • Sergiev Posad branch of the Moscow State Medical College No. 4, Moscow Oblast Medical College (former medical school (technical school);
  • Moscow State Industrial University (closed);
  • Moscow State University of Instrument Engineering and Computer Science (student enrollment terminated);
• Since 1963, a boarding school for deaf-mute children has been operating in the city. The educational process is led by the Laboratory for the Training and Education of the Deaf-Mute Deaf Children of the Institute of Defectology of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences .

Research Institutions

• Research Institute of Applied Chemistry
• Federal Scientific Center "All-Russian Scientific Research and Technological Institute of Poultry" RAS ( Department of Agricultural Sciences )

Headed by Academician V.I. Fisinin .

• Rubber Industry Research Institute
• All-Russian Research Institute of Products for Children

• Sports complex "Ray"
• Sports complex "Salute"
• Regional floorball tournaments among youth and children's teams
• Bicycle club "Bicycle garden"
• Volleyball club "Ray"
• Sports complex "Peresvet" (Sergiev Posad district, Peresvet)

Print media

• "Forward . " Municipal newspaper, published since 1918 ^[66]
• SP-INFO. City news portal ^[66]
• "Sergievsky Vedomosti". The official publication of the administration of the city settlement Sergiev Posad ^[66]
• "Everything for you is Tuesday" and "Everything for you is Thursday." Large circulation free informational newspaper ^[66]
• "Ok Posad." Weekly News ^[66]
• “New Mirror” (until 2007 - “Mirror SP”). Socio-political newspaper of the district ^[66]
• "Fair. Sergiev Posad. " Information and advertising publication ^[66]
• Quarter SP. Advertising newspaper with a television program ^[66]

Broadcasting

• "Sergiev Posad Editorial of Broadcasting" On air since October 15, 1930. It is part of the State Institution of the Moscow Region by the Broadcasting Company “RTV-Moscow Region” ^[66]
• Radio Posad. 90.6 MHz. On air since 2005. Private radio station. The main broadcasting format is music, entertainment ^[66]

A television

• "TVR - Television Radonezh." Broadcasts since May 7, 1999 . Network partner - Interstate Television and Radio Company “MIR”. The founder of the channel is the Administration of the Sergiev Posad municipal district of the Moscow region. The employees of the channel four times became winners of the TEFI-Region competitions ^[66]
• TC "Tonus". Broadcasts since 1989. Repeated winner of awards and festivals ^[66]

In the city there is the Sergiev Posad railway station and the Semkhoz platform of the Yaroslavl direction of the Moscow railway , as well as the Naugolnaya and 40 km platforms of the Big Ring of the Moscow Railway .

Developed urban, suburban, intercity motor passenger traffic. In urban traffic, the prevalence of minibuses is noticeable. The main carrier in the city and the district is motorcade No. 1791, a branch of the State Unitary Enterprise Mostransavto . The most important destination points for intercity and long-distance suburban buses - Dmitrov , Bogorodskoye , Remmash , Krasnozavodsk , Khotkovo , Skoropuskovsky , Peresvet , Kalyazin , Kashin , Pereslavl-Zalessky , Moscow , (direct flights); Rostov , Yaroslavl , Kostroma , Uglich , Rybinsk , (transit flights).

According to official data for 2015 (AUTOSTAT), motorization (traffic saturation by road) of a city is 426 cars per 1000 inhabitants (bus / 1000 people). Dynamics of motorization: 2010 - 327 cars / 1000 people; 2011 - 352 cars / 1000 people; 2012 - 368 cars / 1000 people; 2013 - 385 cars / 1000 people; 2014 - 411 cars / 1000 people; 2015 - 426 cars / 1000 people

From Moscow, from Art. m. VDNH runs commercial bus number 388 to the station. Sergiev Posad. The interval of movement is 15-20 minutes. You can get by train - from the station. "Moscow (Yaroslavsky railway station)" to the station. "Sergiev Posad", travel time - from 1 hour 5 minutes to 1 hour 45 minutes. (depends on the number of stops and type of train).

Factories and Enterprises

• Electromechanical plant Zvezda (formerly Zagorsk Electromechanical Plant) ^[67] ;
• Research Institute of the Rubber Industry ;
• Zagorsk Optical and Mechanical Plant (since 1936) ^{[68] [69]} , part of the Schwabe holding ^[70]
• Research Institute of Applied Chemistry ;
• Zagorsk paint and varnish factory ;
• 12 Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense;
• Factory "Automotive Special Equipment" ;
• Machine-building (motor pumps, disinfectants);
• Chemical;
• Furniture;
• Particleboard Plant ;
• Electrotechnical (TENy);
• CJSC Metallotorg (metal base, branch);
• Sewing factory for people with disabilities;
• Sergiev Posad meat processing plant;
• Sergiev Posad bakery;
• Confectionery production of OJSC "Phoenix";
• Toy factory;
• Art carving factory;
• Ice Cream 2000 Ice Cream Factory;
• Reinforced concrete plant;
• Portmold Mold Making Company;
• Potable water plant;
• Forged products manufacturing enterprise;
• Zagorsk Pipe Plant (JSC "ZTZ") since 2015.

Literature

Sergiev Posad was a place of pilgrimage for a large number of writers of Russian ^[71] and foreign ^[72] literature, which was associated primarily with their desire to visit the Trinity-Sergius Lavra. Traces of your stay in Sergiev Posad are found in the biographical materials or in the literary heritage of N. V. Gogol , M. Yu. Lermontov , M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin , L. N. Tolstoy , A. I. Kuprin , I. A. Bunin , I.S. Shmelev , A.A. Akhmatova , Lewis Caroll , Alexander Dumas the father and many others. Historians N. M. Karamzin and V. O. Klyuchevsky , who wrote about the history of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, worked in Sergiev Posad ^[73] . In Sergiev Posad, writers and philosophers K. N. Leontyev , Fr. Pavel Florensky and V.V. Rozanov ^[74] . Zagorsk is mentioned in the poem Heat, the cycle of poems The Younger Brother, the children's poet Agnia Barto ^[75] . There is also a romance “On the Road to Zagorsk”, written on the basis of the trunk of the wreath of sonnets Evgeni Blazheevsky “Autumn Road” ^[76] .

Mikhail Prishvin , who lived in Zagorsk for 10 years, wrote a lot about the nature of Zagorsk and its environs.

Cinema

• " Bright Way "
• " Our home "
• " Russian house "
• The Resurrection (1960)
• The Brothers Karamazov (1968)
• " Sergey Lazo "
• “ End of operation Resident ”
• Lapta
• " Seven Brides of Corporal Zbruev "

The twin cities of both the city and the district are listed.

•   Beroun ( Czech Republic , since 1977 )
•   Sarov ( Russia , since 2007 )
•   New Athos ( Abkhazia , since 2007 )
•   Gniezno ( Poland , since 2007 )
•   Сремски Карловци ( Сербия )
•   Фульда ( Германия , с 1991 года )
•   Эчмиадзин ( Армения , с 2010 года ) ^[77]
•   Бари ( Италия , с 2010 года ) ^[78]
•   Рюэй-Мальмезон ( Франция )
•   Слоним ( Белоруссия )
•   Салдус ( Латвия )
•   Кефалония ( Греция )

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• Egorova L.A. Surroundings of Moscow. - OLMA-PRESS Education, 2006.
• Glushkova V. Travel from Moscow to Yaroslavl. Moscow - Sergiev Posad - Pereslavl-Zalessky - Rostov the Great - Yaroslavl. M .: Veche, 2007.
• Sergiev Posad (museum-reserve). Album. Authors: O. I. Zaritskaya, T. N. Manushina. S.V. Nikolaeva. - M .: Publishing house "ART RODNIK", 1997.
• Shpankova T. N. Walks in his native city. Sergiev Posad. Krasyukovka. - Sergiev Posad, 2007.
• “Return to faith. Temples of the Radonezh region. " Photo album. - Sergiev Posad: Remarco, 2007.
• Essays on the history of the city of Sergiev Posad. M .: Rosspan, 2011 (Russian province: environment, culture, society).
• Zagorsk // Great Soviet Encyclopedia : in 66 volumes (65 volumes and 1 additional) / Ch. ed. O. Yu. Schmidt . - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1926-1947.
• Sergiev Posad // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.

• The official website of the Administration of the city settlement Sergiev Posad
• The official website of the Council of Deputies of the city settlement Sergiev Posad
• Orthodox architecture of the city on the site "Temples of Russia"
• Documentary film "Sergiev Posad (Zagorsk)"