Psychopathological symptome (from ancient Greek σύμπτομα “case, coincidence, sign”) is a characteristic manifestation or external sign of any mental disorder (for example, disorders of consciousness , attention , will or inclinations, perception, thinking , intelligence, memory, emotions , or a sign of movement disorder) [1] . Manifestations, signs of mental functional or organic disorders and diseases, indicating a change in the normal or normal functioning of the body [2] . Psychopathological symptoms are established by a psychiatrist in examining a patient and are used to make a diagnosis of a specific mental disorder. The combination of such symptoms, united by a single pathogenesis , is called a psychopathological syndrome . In various mental disorders, different types of symptoms are present in the clinical picture, the differentiation of which is necessary for a more accurate diagnosis of the disorder. Psychiatric semiotics, or symptomatology , is the medical science of such signs and symptoms.
Content
Types of symptoms
The English neurologist Hülings Jackson (1835–1911) described the “layered” construction of mental activity and the double effect of brain lesions: “negative” manifestations due to the direct effect of the lesion and “positive” in the form of secondary phenomena [3] . Hülings' ideas influenced psychiatry and descriptive psychopathology and became a tradition in the classification of symptoms [3] .
Productive symptoms ("positive" or "plus-symptoms") [4] [5] - nonspecific reaction of the intact layers of the nervous system to the cause of the disorder. These are qualitatively new signs that were not available before the disease. Examples include delirium , hallucinations, psychomotor agitation , catatonic conditions , mood disorders ( depressive or manic states ), and violation of harmony of thinking.
Despite the fact that these symptoms are not specific to manifestations of diontogenesis , their prolonged exposure may lead to the formation of one of its forms.
Negative symptoms ("deficient" or "negative symptoms") [4] [5] are manifestations of the pathological process itself, associated with the etiological factor . Characterized as a phenomenon of "loss" in mental activity. These include: reduction of energy potential and apathy , poverty of speech , deterioration of the processes of thinking, memory, intellectual activity, asociality , social isolation .
In the process of diagnosing children, there is often a problem of distinguishing negative symptoms from the phenomena of diontogenesis , since sometimes the “loss” of a particular function may be the result of a violation of its development. For example, negative disorders in early childhood schizophrenia , which itself speaks of the uneven development of mental functions.
In addition, symptoms are divided into functional and organic, senestopathic and effector, unfavorable and favorable [6] .
According to Snezhnevsky , the development of mental disorder is accompanied by an increase in the number of symptoms, changes in their interrelationships and the emergence of new psychopathological symptoms.
Symptom Classification
Below are the main and most important groups of psychopathological symptoms:
- Symptoms of catatonic disorders:
- Hood symptom
- Negativism
- Airbag Symptom
- Pavlov's Symptom
- Mutism
- Stereotype
- Echo symptoms :
- Ehopraxia
- Echolalia
- Symptoms of will disorder:
- Abulia
- Parabulia
- Hypobulia
- Symptoms of perception disorders:
- Hallucination
- Auditory hallucination
- Metamorphopia
- Symptoms of thinking disorders:
- Rave
- Overvalued idea
- Delusional idea
- Perseveration
- Pathological thoroughness
- Symptoms of Emotional Disorders:
- Flattened affect
- Conjecture
- Hyperthymia
- Exaltation
- Euphoria
- Dysphoria
- Symptoms of memory disorders:
- Amnesia
- Anterograde amnesia
- Retrograde amnesia
- Fixative amnesia
- Confabulation
- Paramnesia
- Cryptomnesia
- Amnesia
- Symptoms typical for schizophrenic spectrum disorders and delusional disorders:
- Autism symptom
- Symptom of transmission (openness) thoughts
- Pseudogallucination
- Thought Echo Symptom
- The symptom of putting thoughts
- The symptom of withdrawing thoughts
- Mind blocking symptom
- Speech incoherence
- Schizophasia
Psychopathological symptoms in child psychiatry
When working with children, there is a need for a clear differentiation of psychopathological symptoms in order to distinguish between the symptoms of diontogenesis and the symptoms of mental disorder .
Age-related symptoms [5] [7] are pathologically distorted and grotesque manifestations of normal age development. These symptoms are more specific for age than for the disease itself, and can manifest themselves in various mental pathologies: children's type of schizophrenia , organic brain damage, neurotic states.
Each age period has its own specific for this stage age-related symptoms, which are caused by the ontogenetic level of the body’s response to hazards.
Russian child psychiatrist, professor andD.M.N. V. V. Kovalev (1979) identified 4 levels of neuropsychiatric response in children and their characteristic age-related symptoms [5] [7] :
- Somato-vegetative (0–3 years) - increased excitability, disturbances in the gastrointestinal tract, sleep disorder, appetite, tidiness, fears.
- Psychomotor level (4-10 years) - hyperdynamic disorders: tics , stuttering , motor disinhibition, fears prevail.
- Affective level (7-12 years) - fears, affective instability, dromomania , negativism and aggression. At this stage, increases the risk of psychogenic . This is due to the beginning of the formation of self-consciousness in a teenager.
- Emotional-ideatorial (12-16 years) - overvalued ideas and interests prevail (“ metaphysical intoxication ”), psychogenic reactions in the form of emancipation, protest, and also ideas of imaginary deformity ( anorexia syndrome , dysmorphobia ), fears.
However, these age-related symptoms may be combined, that is, at a subsequent stage of development, symptoms may occur that are inherent in the previous level of neuropsychiatric response.
Notes
- ↑ D.V. Semenov, A.V. Bersenev. Psychopathological symptoms and syndromes: study guide . - Vladimir: Vladimir State University Publishing House, 2006. - 88 p. - ISBN 5-89368-671-3 .
- ↑ Psychology. AND I. Dictionary-Reference / Trans. from English K. S. Tkachenko. - M .: FAIR-PRESS. Mike Cordwell. 2000
- ↑ 1 2 World Health Organization . Lexicon of psychiatric and mental health terms . - 2 ed. - K .: “Sphere”, 2001. - ISBN 966-784-125-1 .
- ↑ 1 2 Isaev D. N. Psychopathology of childhood: Textbook for universities. - SPb. : SpecLit, 2001. - 463 seconds - ISBN 5-299-00187-8
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Lebedinskaya KS, Lebedinsky V. V. Mental development disorders in childhood and adolescence: A textbook for universities. - 8th ed., Corr. and add. - M .: Academic Project; Tricksta, 2013. - 303 p. - (Gaudeamus). ISBN 978-5-8291-1504-3 (Academic Project) ISBN 978-5-904954-25-3 (Triksta)
- ↑ Stoimenov Y. A., Stoimenova M. Y., Koeva P. Y., et al. Psychiatric Encyclopedic Dictionary. - K .: “MAUP”, 2003. - 1200 p. - ISBN 966-608-306-X .
- ↑ 1 2 Levchenko I. Yu. Pathopsychology: Theory and Practice. - M .: Academy, 2000. - 232 p.
Literature
- Kovalev V.V. Psychiatry of childhood. - M .: " Medicine ", 1979. - 608 p.