Clever Geek Handbook
📜 ⬆️ ⬇️

The effects of global warming

The increase in global average temperature at different concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

The effects of global warming are economic and social changes caused by greenhouse gas emissions . There is , and that human activity is a major driver [1] . Many of the effects of climate change, such as the retreat of glaciers [2] , earlier flowering plants [3] , and changes in agricultural productivity [2] are already observed today.

The future effects of climate change will vary depending on [4] Two main areas of policy aimed at solving the problem of climate change are reducing human greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to the effects of climate change [5] . Geoengineering is another policy option [5] .

In the short term, climate change policies can have a positive long-term effect. [4] [6] Strict can limit global warming by about 2 ° C by 2100 , or lower. An increase in global energy consumption , and an increase in fossil fuel production [7] , can lead to global warming of about 4 ° C [8] [9] . Higher temperature increases will significantly complicate adaptation [10] , and will increase the risks of negative consequences [11] .

Definition

The term “climate change” means the global change in temperatures that have been preserved for a long period of time [12] [13] . The World Meteorological Organization defines this period as 30 years [12] . Consequences may include global warming, changes in rainfall , and an increase in the frequency of . Climate change can be caused by natural causes, such as anthropogenic factors , changes in solar activity , or changes in atmospheric composition [14] . Any anthropogenic impact on climate change can occur against the backdrop of natural climatic changes [14] . In addition, human activity can increase or decrease climate vulnerability (for example, population growth offshore, or in arid regions) [15] .

In addition, the term “anthropogenic factor” refers not only to the natural human impact on the environment, but also to the artificial one [16] .

See also

  • Global warming

Notes

  1. ↑ Joint-statement by leaders of 18 scientific organizations: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Chemical Society, American Geophysical Union, American Institute of Biological Sciences, American Meteorological Society, American Society of Agronomy, American Society of Plant Biologists, American Statistical Association, Association of Ecosystem Research Centers, Botanical Society of America, Crop Science Society of America, Ecological Society of America, Natural Science Collections, Alliance Organization of Biological Field Stations, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Society of Systematic Biologists , Soil Science Society of America, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (October 21, 2009), Joint statement on climate change by leaders of 18 scientific organizations , Washington DC, USA: American Association for the Advancement of Science , < http: //www.aaas. org / sites / default / files / content_files / 1021climate_letter.pdf >  
  2. ↑ 1 2 Cramer, W., et al. , Executive summary, in: Chapter 18: Detection and attribution of observed impacts (archived October 18, 2014 ), pp. 982-984, in IPCC AR5 WG2 A, 2014
  3. ↑ Settele, J., et al. , Section 4.3.2.1: Phenology, in: Chapter 4: Terrestrial and inland water systems (archived October 20, 2014 ), p. 291, in IPCC AR5 WG2 A, 2014
  4. ↑ 1 2 Oppenheimer, M., et al. , Section 19.7.1: Relationship between Adaptation Efforts, Mitigation Efforts, and Residual Impacts, in: Chapter 19: Emergent risks and key vulnerabilities (archived 20 October 2014 ), pp.1080-1085, in IPCC AR5 WG2 A, 2014
  5. ↑ 1 2 Denton, F., et al. , Section 20.3. Contributions to Resilience through Climate Change Responses, in: Chapter Climate-resilient pathways: adaptation, mitigation, and sustainable development Archived May 10, 2017 at Wayback Machine (archived October 20, 2014 ), pp. 1113-1118, in IPCC AR5 WG2 A , 2014
  6. ↑ Field, CB, et al. , Section A-3. The Decision-making Context, in: Technical summary (archived October 18, 2014 ), p. 55, in IPCC AR5 WG2 A, 2014
  7. ↑ Clarke, L., et al. , Section 6.3.1.3 Baseline emissions projections from fossil fuels and industry (pp.17-18 of final draft), in: Chapter 6: Assessing Transformation Pathways (archived October 20, 2014 ), in: IPCC AR5 WG3, 2014
  8. ↑ Greenhouse Gas Concentrations and Climate Implications, p. 14, in Prinn & Reilly, 2014 . The range given by Prinn and Reilly is 3.3 to 5.5 ° C, with a median of 3.9 ° C.
  9. ↑ SPM.3 Trends in stocks and flows of greenhouse gases and their drivers, in: Summary for Policymakers , p.8 (archived 2 July 2014) , in IPCC AR5 WG3, 2014 . The range given by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is 3.7 to 4.8 ° C, relative to pre-industrial levels (2.5 to 7.8 ° C including climate uncertainty).
  10. ↑ Field, CB, et al. , Box TS.8: Adaptation Limits and Transformation, in: Technical summary (archived October 18, 2014 ), p.89, in IPCC AR5 WG2 A, 2014
  11. ↑ Field, CB, et al. , Section B-1. Key Risks across Sectors and Regions, in: Technical summary (archived 18 October 2014 ), p. 62, in IPCC AR5 WG2 A, 2014
  12. ↑ 1 2 IPCC, Glossary AD "climate" and "climate change" , < http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/annex1sglossary-ad.html >   Archived September 27, 2016 at Wayback Machine , in IPCC AR4 WG1, 2007
  13. ↑ US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) (14 June 2012), Climate Change Science Overview , US EPA, Click on the image to open a pop-up that explains the differences between climate change and global warming. , < http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/overview.html >  
  14. ↑ 1 2 Albritton, "Technical Summary" , Box 1: What drives changes in climate? , [1]   , in IPCC TAR WG1, 2001
  15. ↑ Pielke, Roger; Gwyn Prins; Steve Rayner; Daniel Sarewitz. Lifting the taboo on adaptation (Eng.) // Nature. - 2007 .-- February 8 ( vol. 445 ). - P. 597-598 . - DOI : 10.1038 / 445597a . - PMID 17287795 .
  16. ↑ Definition of Anthropogenic Forcing - Chemistry Dictionary and Glossary (unopened) (link not available) . Date of treatment April 9, 2017. Archived July 21, 2018.

Literature

  • IPCC AR4 WG1 (2007), Solomon, S., ed., Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis , Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0 -521-88009-1 , < http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/contents.html >  
  • IPCC AR5 WG2 A (2014), Field, CB, ed., Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II (WG2) to the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) , Cambridge University Press , < http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2/ >  
  • IPCC AR5 WG3 (2014), Edenhofer, O., ed., Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III (WG3) to the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) , Cambridge University Press , < http://mitigation2014.org/report/final-draft/ > . Retrieved June 1, 2018.   Archived October 29, 2014 on Wayback Machine
  • IPCC TAR WG1 (2001), Houghton, JT, ed., Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis , Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-80767 -0 , < http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc%5Ftar/?src=/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/index.htm > . Retrieved November 6, 2018.   Archived March 30, 2016 on Wayback Machine
  • Prinn, RG & Reilly, JM (2014), 2014 Energy and Climate Outlook , Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change , < http://globalchange.mit.edu/files/2014%20Energy% 20% 26% 20Climate% 20Outlook.pdf > . Retrieved June 1, 2018.   Archived October 22, 2014 on Wayback Machine
Source - https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_warming_consequences&oldid=101039214


More articles:

  • Karpinyuk, Sebastian
  • Copy Effect
  • Capetillo Raimundo
  • Protests in Serbia (2017)
  • The Elusive: Bangkok
  • Karavasta
  • Sitnikovo (Tyumen Region)
  • Ferreira Alves, Moises
  • Zheludkovsky, Vikenty Alexandrovich
  • Balandin, Ivan Ananevich

All articles

Clever Geek | 2019