Polish-Hungarian relations - foreign relations between Hungary and Poland , have their roots in the Middle Ages . Traditionally, two peoples had close relations - in their history there were common rulers and a single religion [1] . Both countries celebrate their "brotherly" relations on March 23. Hungary has an embassy in Warsaw , a consulate in Krakow and two honorary consulates in Lodz and Poznan . Poland has an embassy in Budapest . Both countries are full members of NATO , having joined the organization on the same day (March 12, 1999), as well as members of the European Union [2] .
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History
Middle Ages
Relations between Poland and Hungary date back to the Middle Ages. Representatives of Polish and Hungarian noble houses (such as the Piast dynasty or the Arpad house ) often married each other; the famous Hungarian king Laszlo I Saint was half Pole. Louis I the Great was the king of Hungary and Croatia from 1342, and from 1370 until his death in 1382 - also the king of Poland. He inherited the kingdom from his father, Charles I from the house of Anjou-Sicily - the title of king of Hungary and Croatia - and his uncle, Casimir III the Great - the title of king of Poland (the last of the Piast dynasty). King Casimir did not have legal sons; apparently for this reason - in order to ensure clear dynastic continuity and avoid uncertainty - he transferred the Polish throne to his nephew. The youngest daughter of Louis I - the Polish Queen Jadwiga - inherited the throne and became one of the most popular monarchs in the history of Poland. In the XV century, the two countries were again briefly under the control of one monarch - King Vladislav III Varnenchik - who died at the age of not more than twenty years, fighting the Ottoman Empire . In the 16th century, Poland elected Stefan Batoria , the Hungarian nobleman, who many consider one of the greatest kings of Poland to be his king.
1848 Hungarian Revolution
During the Hungarian revolution of 1848–49, the Polish general Jozef Böhm became a national hero in both Hungary and Poland. He was entrusted with the task of protecting Transylvania at the end of 1848, and in 1849 he led the armed detachments of the sekee . On October 20, 1848, Jozef Vysotsky signed an agreement with the Hungarian government on the creation of a Polish infantry battalion of about 1,200 soldiers. After Vysotsky’s agreement, 2,090 foot and 400 horse volunteers fought in the Hungarian Polish Legion: in the spring of 1849 they participated in the siege of the Arad fortress, and then took part in all the important battles in Szolnok, Hatvan, Tapio Bishke and Isaseg. After the battle of Temeshwar in August 1849 and after the Hungarian surrender in Vilagos, eight hundred people from the remnants of the legion made their way into the territory of the Ottoman Empire .
Polish-Soviet War
During the Soviet-Polish war (1919-1921), after the overthrow of the Kuhn government in Hungary, the new authorities proposed sending 30,000 mounted soldiers to Poland, but the Czechoslovak government refused to allow them to pass through the demilitarized zone that existed between Czechoslovakia and Hungary after the First World War II . However, Hungarian ammunition was used by the Polish army.
From the Middle Ages to the 20th century, Poland and Hungary had a common border. After World War I, the victorious countries in Versailles transferred Upper Hungary , as well as Carpathian Rus - with its Slavic population - from defeated Hungary to freshly formed Czechoslovakia . After the Munich Agreement of 1938, which practically doomed Czechoslovakia to the Third Reich , Poland and Hungary, guided by both their common and their own interests, began to "restore" the historical border: the goal of both countries was to transfer Carpathian Rus back to Hungary. Steps to achieve this goal were taken during the First Vienna Arbitration (November 2, 1938).
Until mid-March 1939, the government of the Third Reich considered that - primarily for military reasons - the common Hungarian-Polish border was undesirable. Indeed, when in March 1939, Hitler agreed to the capture of Carpathian Rus by Hungary (which at that time became known as the Carpathian Ukraine), he warned the Hungarian leadership not to occupy the rest of Slovakia , to whose territory claims were also made. It is believed that Hitler wanted to use Slovakia as a bridgehead for the already planned invasion of Poland.
However, in March 1939, the Fuhrer changed his point of view on the common Hungarian-Polish border and decided not to take into account the interests of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists , which by then had already begun to organize its military units in the Carpathian Ukraine.
Notes
- ↑ Kasparek, 1989 , p. 365-373.
- ↑ Charaszkiewicz, 2000 , p. 106-130.
Literature
- Edmund Charaszkiewicz. Report on Covert Operations in Carpathian Rus (Referat o działaniach dywersyjnych na Rusi Karpackiej) // Zbiór dokumentów ppłk. Edmunda Charaszkiewicza / Andrzej Grzywacz, Marcin Kwiecień, Grzegorz Mazur. - Kraków: Księgarnia Akademicka, 2000 .-- ISBN 83-7188-449-4 .
- Józef Kasparek. Poland's 1938 Covert Operations in Ruthenia // East European Quarterly. - 1989. - September ( issue XXIII ( No. 3 ). - S. 365-373 .