End glycation end-products (AGEs ) are proteins or fats that have been glycated by carbohydrates [1] . They can be a factor in the aging and development or complication of many degenerative diseases, such as diabetes , atherosclerosis , chronic kidney disease, and Alzheimer's disease [2] .
Content
- 1 Effects on the body
- 1.1 In other diseases
- 1.2 Pathological effects
- 2 See also
- 3 notes
Effects on the body
The end products of glycation (CNG) affect almost every type of cell and molecule in the body and is considered one of the aging factors and some chronic diseases associated with aging. It is also believed that they cause vascular complications of diabetes [3] .
In certain pathological conditions, such as oxidative stress due to hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia (abnormally elevated lipids), the rate of CNG formation can be increased. Animal and human studies show that a significant portion of CNG is absorbed by food. It is known that dietary CNG (PCB) has a similar effect on CNG with the body and is associated with atherosclerosis, kidney disease, and others.
In cardiovascular diseases, CNGs cause the formation of covalent bonds (cross-links) with the amino groups of collagen , which causes loss of vascular elasticity and capture of low density lipoproteins (LDL) by the walls of arteries. CNG can also cause LDL glycation, which may contribute to their oxidation. Oxidized LDL is one of the main factors in the development of atherosclerosis . Moreover, CNG can bind to the CNG receptor ( RAGE en ), which causes oxidative stress and activation of inflammatory reactions in vascular endothelial cells .
In other diseases
The formation and accumulation of CNG is involved in the development of diseases associated with aging. There is evidence of a link between CNG and Alzheimer's disease , cardiovascular disease and stroke . The mechanism of the negative impact of CNG on the body is the formation of cross-linking ( cross-linking en ) which are the cause of intracellular damage and apoptosis .
Pathological effects
CNGs have a number of pathological effects such as [4] :
- Increased vascular permeability
- Decreased Arterial Elasticity
- Suppression of vasodilatation through bonds with nitric oxide .
- Oxidation of Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL)
- Binding to macrophages , endothelial cells and mesangial cells.
- Increased oxidative stress .
See also
- Glycosylation
- Oxidative stress
Notes
- ↑ Alison Goldin, Joshua A. Beckman, Ann Marie Schmidt, Mark A. Creager. Advanced Glycation End Products (Eng.) // Circulation. - 2006-08-08. - Vol. 114 , iss. 6 . - P. 597-605 . - ISSN 1524-4539 0009-7322, 1524-4539 . - DOI : 10.1161 / CIRCULATIONAHA.106.621854 .
- ↑ G. Vistoli, D. De Maddis, A. Cipak, N. Zarkovic, M. Carini. Advanced glycoxidation and lipoxidation end products (AGEs and ALEs): an overview of their mechanisms of formation // Free Radical Research. - 2013-08-01. - T. 47 , no. sup1 . - S. 3–27 . - ISSN 1071-5762 . - DOI : 10.3109 / 10715762.2013.815348 .
- ↑ Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts (RAGE): A Formidable Force in the Pathogenesis of the Cardiovascular Complications of Diabetes & Aging . http: //www.eurekaselect.com.+ Date of treatment April 8, 2017.
- ↑ A. Gugliucci, M. Bendayan. Renal fate of circulating advanced glycated end products (AGE): evidence for reabsorption and catabolism of AGE-peptides by renal proximal tubular cells (Eng.) // Diabetologia. - 1996-02-01. - Vol. 39 , iss. 2 . - P. 149-160 . - ISSN 1432-0428 0012-186X, 1432-0428 . - DOI : 10.1007 / BF00403957 .