Shtadlan ( Heb. שתדלן ; Ger . Schtadlan ) - in Europe of the XIV-XVIII centuries, a person who took on the task of remunerating or free of charge to protect the interests of Jewish communities and individual Jews before the authorities and to prevent their expulsion from the state and the destruction of Jewish books [ 1] .
The introduction of such a post was a necessity in an era when Jews were denied civil and political rights. The functions of the shtadlan included [1] :
- bother ο renewing the privilege of assuming the throne of a new sovereign;
- seek new benefits;
- appease power.
In relation to the Shtadlans, the rabbis even allowed some indulgence: they were allowed to wear clothes in accordance with the situation, without restrictions that existed for other Jews [1] .
In Spain in 1354 there was a so-called “ mischtadlim ” ( Heb. םילדתשמ ). The more frequent occurrence of the Stadlans were in Germany and in Poland. In the 16th century in Germany, Ioselmann from Rosheim was singled out for this post. The Poznań Stadlan Institute survived until 1828. [one]
Content
Polish-Lithuanian Stadlany
In Poland and Lithuania - the classic countries of Jewish autonomy with central, regional and local self-government bodies - the activities of the Stadlans acquired special significance. At the kagala , at the regional seymik , at the Crown and Lithuanian vaad (Wa'ad) - everywhere there were one or several Shtadlans who traveled to Warsaw and Grodno , where the State Seims gathered. The Stadlans were unofficial deputies in the Seimas of Jews excluded from the general political life. [one]
According to the Lithuanian vaad decree of 1628, the Stadtlans should have been able to be representatives in the royal and noble chambers, ready to stand guard at the state Sejm and vigilantly watch all sorts of petitions for the benefit of the whole region, according to God’s understanding to them. It was also important to monitor the activities of the voivod sejmics , where ambassadors to the diet were elected and instructions were given to the elect. Then the shtadlans had to “ scout and find out ”, “ whether something new is being started up to the detriment ” of the Jews (Vaad Decree of 1623). [one]
In addition to the Stadlans approved by the Wahad, no one, under the threat of a sherom , was allowed to come to Warsaw with private petitions. An exception was made for persons who had obtained a special permit from the rabbi of their community, which, however, had to be presented in Warsaw by a vaad-authorized shtadlan. Thirty days before the convening of the state Seym, synagogues were hung out [2] with threats of the dungeon and other punishments for persons who dared, at their own risk and fear, to go to Warsaw to trouble their deputies before their deputies. [one]
The Stadlans in Poland and Lithuania received mostly remuneration. At the session of the Lithuanian vaad in 1761, it was decided to raise the salaries of the stock-managers, free them from the need to engage in outside affairs and oblige one of them to live permanently in Vilna . From the Polish-Lithuanian shtdlanov especially famous [1] :
- Rabbi Isaiah of Vilna (appointed in 1628),
- Rabbi Beirah from Brest (1628),
- "The Grandee" Mordechai of Lomaz (1628),
- N. Gunzburg (1667),
- Poznan Stadlans: Abraham (1690), Baruch (1699), and Jacob (1736),
- Shtadlan Koronnoy Vaad - Nissim B.-Judah from Tsekhanov (appointed to this post in Yaroslav at the session of Vaad 1730); he got 8 zl. n. per week.
Regarding Poznan , it is known that its Stadlanes, or “syndics,” defended the community before the court and traveled to Warsaw. The salary they received was significant for those times: the shtadlan Mordkhe Bainhes (1623) received 300 PLN annually. P., a since he was constantly on the road, his wife received especially 3 zl. n. per week. Stadlan Moses Pakoscher (middle of the XVII century), received 10 zl. per week, 100 PLN to the apartment and was, moreover, a schoolboy of a large synagogue in Poznan. In the XIX century (in Poznan, this institute existed until 1828) received 30 PLN. per week and apartment. [one]
See also
- Court Jews
- Vaad of the four lands
- Ombudsman
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Shtadlan // The Brockhaus and Efron Jewish Encyclopedia . - SPb. 1908-1913.
- ↑ Full House (it. Anschlag), notice, posted in a prominent place. / Full House // Great Soviet Encyclopedia : 66 tons (65 tons and 1 extra) / Ch. ed. O. Yu. Schmidt . - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1926-1947.