Anti-Semitism in the Russian Empire - the persecution of Jews in the Russian Empire on a national basis. The emergence of the "Jewish question" in the Russian Empire led to its "solution" by the authorities through either assimilation or ousting of Jews.
Content
- 1 Church participation
- 2 Pale of Settlement
- 3 Pogroms
- 4 Protocols of the Elders of Zion
- 5 The Beilis Case
- 6 See also
- 7 notes
Church participation
Yuri Tabak claims, however, that "the fundamental difference in the behavior of anti-Jewish events in Russia (compared to Western Europe) ... lies in the much smaller role of the Russian Orthodox Church in carrying out this policy, according to Tabak, it is much more difficult to find examples of the participation of high-ranking Russian Orthodox leaders in anti-Semitic politics. [1]
Residency
In 1791, a decree of Catherine II was issued, which limited the territories in which Jews could settle in the Western provinces.
Pogroms
Jewish pogroms at various times swept through many countries in which Jews lived. In particular, in the Middle Ages, large-scale pogroms took place in England, Germany, France, the Czech Republic, Switzerland and several other countries. As the Brief Jewish Encyclopedia writes, explaining the origin of the word “pogrom”, pogroms became especially widespread in Russia in the 19th – early 20th centuries. It is in connection with the mass pogroms in Russia that the Russian word "pogrom" was included in most European languages.
Russian pogroms deeply affected the life of Jews. In 1881, when the pogroms began, more than half of the Jews of the whole world lived in the Russian Empire. But insane persecution quickly forced the mass of Jews to leave the country, many left for the USA [2] .
The first pogrom in Russia occurred in 1871 in Odessa. It was inspired mainly by Greek merchants.
April 19-21, 1899, during the celebration of Orthodox Easter, there was a three-day pogrom in Nikolaev.
April 6-7, 1903 - Kishinev pogrom [3] .
In Chisinau in 1905, 50 Jews were killed and 500 wounded. In Odessa in the same year, about 400 Jews were killed during a four-day pogrom. In Bialystok, in the pogroms of 1906, the police and the army took part.
Protocols of the Elders of Zion
In 1903, a falsified protocol document appeared. The falsity of the Protocols was noted in the press and independent investigations shortly after publication [4] [5] [6] and is considered proven in modern science.
The Beilis Case
The Beilis case is the trial of the Jew Menachem Mendel Beilis in the ritual murder of Andrei Yushchinsky, a 12-year-old preparatory class student at the Kiev-Sofia Theological School, on March 12, 1911. The charge of ritual murder was initiated by activists of the Black-Hundred organizations and supported by a number of far-right politicians and officials, including Minister of Justice Ivan Shcheglovitov. Local investigators, who believed that this was a criminal murder out of revenge, were dismissed. 4 months after the discovery of the corpse of Yushchinsky, Beilis, who worked as a clerk near this place at the factory, was arrested as a suspect and spent 2 years in prison.
The process took place in Kiev from September 23 to October 28, 1913 and was accompanied, on the one hand, by an active anti-Semitic campaign, and on the other, by public protests of an all-Russian and global scale. Baileys was acquitted. Researchers believe that the true killers were the stolen goods dealer Vera Cheberyak and criminals from her brothel, but this issue remained unresolved. The Beilis case became the most high-profile trial in pre-revolutionary Russia.
See also
- Anti-Semitism in the USSR
Notes
- ↑ Tabak, Yuri Relations between the Russian Orthodox Church and Judaism: Past and Present . - “The Christian community, linked by numerous trading and economic ties to the Jewish community, maintained a more or less neutral attitude towards the Jews during these periods of calm, and, on the personal level, even conducted individual friendships. However, the mixture of fear and hatred of Jews characteristic of medieval Christian consciousness (the religious roots of which will be discussed below) never completely disappeared: these latent emotions smouldered beneath the socio-economic necessity of maintaining the status quo. It only took the emergence of any new circumstances in society, whether in the social, economic, religious, or government spheres, or in the internal dynamics of the Jewish-Christian debate, for these latent emotions to reach boiling point. The defenseless Jewish community would then become the target of harsh economic measures, a pawn in someone's political games, or a convenient focus for the lower classes to vent their own discontent. “These factors readily combined to ignite the smouldering embers of religious hatred: the uneducated Christian masses could change overnight into a fanatical crowd capable of murder and pillage.”
- ↑ Mayhem. . jhistory.nfurman.com . Date of treatment March 17, 2017.
- ↑ Chisinau pogrom. . jhistory.nfurman.com . Date of treatment March 17, 2017.
- ↑ Investigation of P. A. Stolypin , 1905 - see Burtsev Proven forgery (inaccessible link)
- ↑ * Publication of The Truth about “The Protocols”: a literary forgery in The Times , 1921
- ↑ United States Congress, Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Protocols of the Elders of Zion : a fabricated "historic" documen t. A report prepared by the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws (Washington, US Govt. Printing Office, 1964)