Abacums (archaeological site)

The settlement, located 1 km west and southwest of the village, near the confluence of the Sozh River into the Dnieper , occupied a cape-like ledge of the terrace of Sozh and the Dnieper. The championship in the discovery belongs to K. M. Polikarpovich (1926). The next time the settlement attracted attention when, in 1998–2000, N. N. Krivaltsevich investigated its 320 m² ^[1] .

The Neolithic include flint products (knives, brackets, scrapers , punctures, retouchers, etc.) and ceramics . Flint of the Sozh type was used for products; flint raw materials were selected in gray and beige colors. In the largest quantity, the remains of the primary processing of flint were found (flakes, chips, plates, flakes, debris, nuclei , etc.). As for ceramics, archaeologists have discovered more than 1 thousand fragments of Neolithic dishes of the Dnieper-Donetsk culture . In addition to the “caterpillar”, cinquefoil, and crested ornaments, there were punctures, pits, notches, round pits under the edge of the corolla, etc. Fragments wore traces of grinding of the inner surface with comb combs were also found ^[1] .

The found ceramics of the Middle Dnieper culture belong to the Bronze Age : more than 300 fragments in total. The high necks of the samples of this dish were bent outward, the edges of the corollas were beveled inward; in addition, the dishes had a convex hull and narrow flat bottoms. The found dishes were decorated with linear stamps, dashed lines, “caterpillar” and cord ornaments, but some ceramic fragments of this culture carried decoration elements characteristic of the culture of spherical amphoras . Among flint products of the Middle Dnieper culture, fragments of axes, arrowheads, knives, etc. were found. Archaeologists date the complex in the 2nd half of III - beginning of II millennium BC. e. ^[one]

Archaeologists attributed more than 20 fragments of dishes to the Babino cultural circle of the late period (2000-1700 / 1600 BC). To ornament multi-roll dishes, we used low, sticky, triangular-shaped rolls in a sectional shape, on which patterns were made with nail notches ^[1] .

A complex of the Ustinetsky cultural circle was also discovered, to which the researchers attributed ceramics, flint and stone products, the remains of a burnt dwelling with a carcass wall structure. From the building, traces of three walls were preserved - the north-eastern (6 meters long), partially north-western (4.2 m) and south-eastern (4.9 m) - and the remains of an open hearth in the eastern corner. It is precisely on the borders of the outbreak that a relatively large number of Ustine dishes are represented, represented by pots, jar-shaped vessels, and tiny cups. The characteristic features of ceramics are mainly thickened corollas with a beveled outward edge. At the same time, some vessels were adorned with stuck rollers or pitted holes. As an ornament for ceramics, the drawn lines, dashes, punctures and pits, linear stamps were used, while the most common motif was hanging and shaded triangles. Among the finds, researchers identify fragments of clay coating, the remains of ceramic figures, ceramic beads. In addition to flint products, stones with polished surfaces were found. The Tshchinets period dates from the second half of the second millennium BC. e. ^[one]

The burial ground is located in the tract Cordon ^[3] 1 km west-south-west (or 0.7 km west ^[3] ) from the village, occupying the place of settlement from the Neolithic and Bronze Age. It includes 26 hemispherical embankments ^{[Comm 1]} overgrown with pine. There are traces of pit holes around the embankments ^[4] .

About the presence of the burial ground the first of the researchers learned E.R. Romanov , when at the turn of the XIX and XX centuries conducted surveys of the local population. The first researcher of the burial ground was K. M. Polikarpovich in 1926. Then the complex was investigated by many other researchers, including M.I. Loshenkov in 1977. Two mounds were investigated in 1963 by archaeologist G.F. Solovyova . During the excavation of one of them, inhumation ( corpse location) was discovered on the horizon , that is, on the archaeological layer that was distinguished by any certain qualities, while there was broken circular dishes ^[4] .

Excavations of Makushnikov

In 1997-2000, 17 barrows from the complex were investigated by archaeologist O. A. Makushnikov . Most of the mounds contained burials in pits, but at the same time, complete and partial cremation on the horizon and the same corpse were discovered once. In a number of embankments, traces of burnt wooden structures were found, which were log houses or pillar structures with 1-2 crowns. Together with the remains of cremation, obscure fragments of coarse early-circular ceramics were discovered. A female burial on the horizon is represented by a large number of finds: glass and stone beads, a metal bead of the Dregovich type, the remains of circular pots ^[4] .

Corpses and incomplete coronations are oriented to the west, but sometimes with slight deviations. A common feature of most burials is the presence of traces of wooden, from the boards of coffins with the shape of frames with outlets of ends. In the manufacture of coffins, iron nails were not used. Burial in one barrow was allowed for 2 or even 3 people, while such burials were created basically at the same time, with the exception of some inlet burials (for example, in the case of partial cremation, the inlet inhumation was performed). The ratio of burials between men and women is approximately equal; also at female burials there were also burials of babies ^[4] .

In all burials, circular ceramics are found. Typically, broken dishes were found directly in or above the grave and consisted of lower parts or various fragments. Also, many fragments of ceramics were found in ditches around the mounds. Almost all ceramics have hallmarks with a predominance of circular motifs (circles, including inscribed, with dots in the center, lancet, swastikas , etc.). While only ceramics are found in male burials, ornaments close to the Polyana tradition of the Middle Dnieper were also found in female burials. These included small glass or bronze buttons with ears (1-3 pieces), wire ring-shaped temporal rings with closed or closed ends, glass beads, metal rings, bracelets , etc. There were also traces of female bast headdresses on which the mentioned temporal rings were attached and each of which could hold from 1-2 to 20 of these jewelry. Rings were asymmetrically located on opposite sides of the head; in addition, they were also found along the body, which indicates possible wearing on braids ^[4] .

In general, the burial ground was used at the end of the X - beginning of the XIII century for burial by a small rural settlement. Most burials date from the middle to the second half of the 12th century. The latest border of dating is based on the discovery of a bracelet, which is a case of secretly taking over expensive city jewelry- bracers . So, the appearance of such bracers in Veliky Novgorod dates from the very end of the XII century ^[4] .

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