Eski Dürbe ( Crimean Tat. Eski Dürbe - “Old Tomb”) - the oldest tomb of Bakhchisarai , built, according to some information, in the XIV century, long before the Bakhchisarai Palace . Monument of architecture [2] . Located on the slope of the left bank of the river Churuk-Su , 180 m south-east of the Khan's Palace, on Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya Street.
| Tomb | |
| Eski durbe | |
|---|---|
 | |
| A country | Russia / Ukraine [1] |
| City | Bakhchisarai , of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya |
Content
History
Eski Durbe is a monument of architectural and historical significance, built during the time of the Golden Horde . Nevertheless, the tomb is poorly investigated, and it is not even known who is buried in it.
Emil Seidaliyev, deputy general director for scientific work of the Bakhchsarai Historical-Cultural and Archaeological Museum-Reserve, said:
| There are only oral legends that a certain Bey was buried here, who owned the valley before the founding of Bakhchisarai. He is called so - Dere-bey, “the prince of the valley”. But who he was and why he found the last refuge here, nobody knows. In any case, in no written source is a person with that name mentioned [3] . |
Earlier, Eski-Durbe was surrounded by a cemetery. Nagombia visible in the drawings of the XIX century and photographs of the beginning of the XX century [4] .
In 1927, under the direction of the director of the Bakhchsarai Palace-Museum V. A. Bodaninsky , restoration work was carried out: the dome was repaired, the lost elements of the turban and the courtyard were restored, and the iron doors were installed [4] .
In 1965 another repair was carried out: the lost parts of the courtyard walls were recreated, the dome was covered with a cement screed. In the mid-1990s, the dome was covered with galvanized iron sheets [4] .
In 2013, the Bakhchsarai archaeological expedition under the direction of E. I. Seidaliev conducted studies that made it possible to specify the dating of the monument. Stratigraphic observations have shown that the construction date can be attributed to the XVII century [4] .
Architecture
The building is monumental, stone works are extremely skillfully executed: the accuracy and cleanliness of the quadra wall masonry has been achieved, details have been skillfully worked out - cornices, platbands and other decorations. The tomb has a strict laconic look, there are some decorative elements. This is the only turban that has survived to the present, 10, built not from white limestone , but from local yellow stone [5] .
The construction is asymmetrical in terms of. It consists of two parts of different heights: the turban itself and the courtyard adjacent to its southern facade. In the wall of the square courtyard there are 7 slightly pointed arches at the top and 20 decorative loopholes at the bottom [4] . Earlier in the courtyard was a fountain [6] . The courtyard can be accessed only from the tomb [6] . Presumably, he was originally conceived as a family cemetery [7] , or as a resting place for those who came to worship the dead [6] .
The turbe is a square in plan, covered with a keel-shaped dome in the section, which is currently covered with galvanized iron. According to some assumptions, the dome originally had a pyramid shape and was covered in molded lead. The dome stands on an octagonal drum . The transition from quadrangle to octagon is carried out through Persian-type trompas [7] . According to VA Bodaninsky , the dome was badly damaged by lightning in the 1880s [8] .
Under the dome in the masonry are mounted the vociferous , a special form of ceramic vessels-resonators. This technique, known since antiquity, but not characteristic of Muslim architecture, was used to improve acoustics, as well as to reduce the weight of the structure, especially the vaults, or to absorb external noise.
The main entrance to the tomb is from the east. It is located in a deep rectangular portal . Two pylons of the entrance portal are covered with a high-rise pointed arch. It is framed with an in-depth archivolt , which, across the entire width, at the level of the heels, is decorated with a carved eaves with stylized stalactites . The walls of the pylons on the entrance side do not have decor, as well as the arch of the arch. The portal masonry is made in rows of smooth-cut stone. The edges of the pylons are decorated with small three-quarter columns that do not reach the eaves [7] . The entrance arch is decorated with three round carved rosettes . Within the walls of the building there are two tiers of arched window openings [4] .
According to Orientalist I. Orbeli , the architectural style of Eski-Durbe was borrowed from the Armenians. And the architecture of Durbe could later be inspired by the builders of the Khan's Palace [6] .
Notes
- ↑ This object is located on the territory of the Crimean Peninsula , most of which is the object of territorial disagreements between Russia , which controls the disputed territory, and Ukraine , within the borders of which are recognized by the international community, the disputed territory is located. According to the federal structure of Russia , in the disputed territory of the Crimea, the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are located - the Republic of Crimea and the city of federal importance Sevastopol . According to the administrative division of Ukraine , in the disputed territory of the Crimea are located the regions of Ukraine - the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city with a special status Sevastopol .
- ↑ About the order in the area of the region and protection of the monument of architecture on the territory of the Ukrainian Republic of Belarus Republican Parliament Rada Mіnіstrov USRR; Regulations of 24.08.1963 No. 970 . zakon4.rada.gov.ua.
- ↑ Archaeological mysteries of Bakhchisarai (Inaccessible link) . 1k.com.ua. The date of circulation is March 21, 2017. Archived July 5, 2015.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Eski-Durbe Mausoleum . Bakhchisarai Historical, Cultural and Archaeological Museum-Reserve. The appeal date is March 15, 2017.
- ↑ Bakhchisarai: traces of the disappeared city . graal.org.ua.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Babenko, Dulichev, 2008 , p. 204.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Krikun, 1998 , p. 37.
- ↑ Eski Durbe Mausoleum . bikz.org.
Literature
- Babenko G. A., Dulichev V.P. Masterpieces of the Muslim architecture of Crimea. - Simferopol: OJSC "Simferop. City type.", 2008. - 320 p.
- Volkova T. Crimea. Personal guide. - Simferopol, 2003. - 224 p.
- Krikun E.V. Monuments of the Crimean Tatar architecture (XIII-XXvv.). - Simferopol: Krymuchpedgiz, 1998. - 112 p.
- Nagaevskaya E.V. Bakhchisarai - Simferopol. - Simferopol, 1979. - 144 p.
- Fadeeva, TM Bakhchisarai and environs: guide. - Simferopol: Business - Inform, 2000. - 208 p.