Srinagar [5] ( Urdu سرینگر ; Hindi श्रीनगर - Srinagar [6] ; Eng. Srinagar ) is a city in the Kashmir Valley , the summer capital of the state of Jammu and Kashmir . It is located at an altitude of 1730 m above sea level, 650 km north-north-west of Delhi . 1,273,312 inhabitants (2011) [7] .
| City | |
| Srinagar | |
|---|---|
| urdu سرینگر Hindi श्रीनगर , English Srinagar | |
 | |
| A country | India / Pakistan |
| State | Jammu and Kashmir [1] |
| Provinces | Kashmir Valley |
| Governor | Narinder Nat Vohra |
| History and geography | |
| Square | |
| Center height | |
| Timezone | |
| Population | |
| Population | 1,273,312 people ( 2011 ) |
| Digital identifiers | |
| Telephone code | +91 194 |
| Postcode | |
| Car code | |
| srinagar.nic.in | |
The city stands on the Dal Lake, famous for its canals-streets, reminiscent of Venice .
According to legend, the city was founded by the Pandavian king Ashok (not to be confused with the ruler of the empire Maurichev Ashoka) [8] .
According to a number of legends, Srinagar is considered the place where the tomb of Jesus Christ is located , who lived there with his wife after being crucified. The mausoleum of Jesus Christ in the vicinity of Srinagar is available for visiting tourists. It represents the Muslim Mazar , in which the holy grave and the footprint of Jesus are located. The references to the tomb of Jesus Christ in Srinagar belong to the medieval Sufi communities. In accordance with Sufi traditions, holy graves are places of worship of saints and places of Sufi rituals rather than actual burial places [9] .
Content
Origin of title
The name Srinagar comes from two Sanskrit words - śrī (one of the names of Goddess Lakshmi ) and nagar, which means city
History
Ancient Srinagar
Srinagar was founded no later than the 3rd century BC. er and was known by various names. It is assumed that the city was founded by King Pravarasena II about 2000 years ago under the name Parvasenpur. The city was part of the Maurie empire . Under Ashok , Buddhism came to the Kashmir Valley. The areas adjacent to the city became the center of the spread of Buddhism . In the 1st century, the region came under the control of the Kushan Empire , which controlled the territories of modern Pakistan and Afghanistan. Some rulers from this dynasty supported the spread of Buddhist teachings. Presumably Vikramaditya (from Ujjain ) and his heirs ruled the region until its conquest with the Ephtalites in the 6th century.
Around 960, Srinagar became the capital of Kashmir [10] .
Srinagar from the 14th to the 19th century
Srinagar was under the administration of independent Hindu and Buddhist rulers until the 14th century, when the Kashmir Valley came under the control of Muslim rulers, including the great Mughal . Srinagar remained the capital during the reign of Yusuf Shah Chaka , the independent ruler of Kashmir , who was deceived but not defeated by Akbar . Yusuf Shah Chuck is buried in Bihar . Under Akbar, Srinagar and the Kashmir Valley came under the control of the great Mughals.
As a result of the weakening of the Mughal empire after the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, penetration into the valley of representatives of the Pashtun tribes intensified, for several decades the city fell under the control of the Durrani Empire . Punjab Maharaja Ranjit Singh , annexed most of the Kashmir Valley, including Srinagar, to Punjab in 1814 . The city was influenced by the Sikhs . According to the agreement concluded in 1846 between the Sikhs and the British colonial administration, the Lahore Treaty de facto recognized British "suzerainty" over the valley, and Maharaja Gulab Singh was recognized as an independent and sovereign ruler of the region. Srinagar became part of his principality, which retained its special status in British India until 1947 .
Modern Period
After India and Pakistan gained independence, on August 17, 1947, Punch residents revolted against the continued rule of the Maharaja [11] . Taking advantage of the Puncha uprising, some Pashtun tribes, such as the mehsud and Afridi from the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa border region of Pakistan and their allies, entered the Kashmir Valley on October 22, 1947 [12] . Mahraj Kashmir, who refused to make a choice in favor of India or Pakistan in the hope of preserving his own independent state, on October 26, 1947, declared that Jammu and Kashmir would join India in exchange for asylum. The application was accepted by India the next day. The government of India immediately sent troops to the region and prevented the capture of the Pashtun tribes of the city.
In 1989-90 Kashmir Pandits, under threat of violence from terrorists trained in Pakistan, were forced to leave Kashmir. Since they constituted a minority of the population, they did not have the capacity to resist, the pundits protesting against the violence were brutally murdered. About 350,000 Kashmir Pandits, who made up 99% of the Hindus who lived in the Kashmir Valley, surrounded by the Muslim majority, left their homes. To date, most of them are forced to live in exile in the city of Jammu .
In 1989, Srinagar became the center of the Kashmir uprising and to this day remains a hotbed of separatism. On January 19, 1990, at least 50 unarmed protesters [13] and up to 280, according to eyewitness accounts [14] , were killed during the Gavacadal incident. The incident caused the introduction of a curfew, terrorist attacks and shootings that lasted until the mid-1990s. As a result, bunkers and checkpoints operate throughout the city, although their number has decreased in recent years. Nevertheless, protests continue to repeat in the city, for example, on August 22, 2008, thousands of city residents took part in the protest [15] . In 2009, after a demonstration of Muslims demanding the withdrawal of Indian troops and police, riots broke out in which at least 30 people were injured [16] .
Physical-geographical characteristic
The city is located on both banks of the river Jalam , which is called Viyat in Kashmir . The river meanders through the valley, forming meanders and going deep - Lake Dal . The city is known for its 9th bridges over the river.
The Khokersar wetlands, located about 14 km north of Srinagar, attract thousands of birds from Siberia and other regions. Birds from Siberia and Central Asia use Kashmir as a staging base when traveling to wintering grounds and back. The Hokersar wetlands are important in the conservation of bird populations.
- Climate
The climate of the city according to the Köppen climate classification ( Cfa ) is humid subtropical . It is much colder here than in most other cities in India, both at the expense of the northern location and height above sea level. The valley in which the city is located is surrounded by the Himalayas . Winters are cold: the average daytime temperature in January is 2.5 ° C, and the nighttime temperatures fall below zero. Snowfalls can block Srinagar from the rest of India for several days. It is hot in summer: the average daily temperature in July is 24.1 ° C. Annual rainfall is 710 mm. The greatest amount of precipitation occurs in spring.
| Climate of Srinagar | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicator | Jan. | Feb | March | Apr | May | June | July | Aug | Sen | Oct. | Nov. | Dec | Year |
| Absolute Maximum, ° C | 17.2 | 20.6 | 27.3 | 31.1 | 36.4 | 37,8 | 38.3 | 36.7 | 35.0 | 33.9 | 24.5 | 18.3 | 38.3 |
| Average maximum, ° C | 5.0 | 7,6 | 13.5 | 19.3 | 24.2 | 28.9 | 30.3 | 29.7 | 27.6 | 22.1 | 15.4 | 8.5 | 19.7 |
| Average minimum, ° C | −2,3 | −0,8 | 3.4 | 7.4 | 10.9 | 14.5 | 18.2 | 17.7 | 12.5 | 5.6 | 0.3 | −2 | 7.3 |
| Absolute minimum, ° C | −14,4 | −20 | −6.9 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 7.2 | 10.3 | 9.5 | 4.4 | −1.7 | −7,8 | −12,8 | −20 |
| Precipitation rate, mm | 62.2 | 71.4 | 101.1 | 90.7 | 68.2 | 36.3 | 54.3 | 64.6 | 35.4 | 30.9 | 19.7 | 41.4 | 676.2 |
| Source: [1] [2] | |||||||||||||
Population
According to the 2011 census, the population of Srinagar was 1 192 792 people, the urban agglomeration - 1 273 312 people [17] . The literacy rate of the population is 71% [17] , which is lower than the national level of 74.04% [18] Males constitute 53.0%, females 47.0%. The sex ratio is 888 women to 1,000 men, which is significantly lower than the national level of 940 [19] . Muslims make up 95% of the population, Hindus, 4%. Sikhs, Buddhists and Jains make up less than 1% [20] .
Tourism
Srinagar is an attractive place to visit. There are many reasons for this: Lake Dal and other lakes, floating houses, boats, the famous gardens of Mugala , wooden mosques in the old town.
At 50 kilometers above are the mountain station and the ski resort Gulmarg . You can get there by taxi.
Attractions
- Srinagar Cathedral Mosque
- Hazratbal
- Mausoleum of Jesus Christ in Srinagar (Mausoleum of the Prophet Yuz Asaf )
Notes
- ↑ according to the administrative division of India
- ↑ Jammu & Kashmir - geographical map .
- ↑ Geography of Jammu & Kashmir State - geography .
- ↑ Current Local Time in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India - time zone .
- ↑ Srinagar // Dictionary of geographical names of foreign countries / resp. ed. A.M. Komkov . - 3rd ed., Pererab. and add. - M .: Nedra , 1986. - P. 345.
- ↑ Instruction on the transfer of geographical names from Hindi on the maps. - M .: TsNIIGAIK, 1959. - p. 24.
- ↑ Urban Agglomerations / Cities having population 1 lakh and above (Eng.) . Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011. Date of circulation September 3, 2012.
- ↑ http://www.stanford.edu/group/hsc/kashmir/History%20of%20Kashmir.pdf
- ↑ http://www.tombofjesus.com/2007/home/welcome.html Archive dated November 12, 2007 on the Wayback Machine Server of the Tomb of Jesus
- ↑ Lawrence, Walter R. Valley Of Kashmir . - Oxford University Press Warehouse, 1985. - P. 35.
- Mar Umar, Baba 'Nehru didn’t want to publicize the Poonch rebellion, because it would have strengthened the Pakistan’s case' (Not available link) . Tehelka (February 28, 2013). The appeal date is March 1, 2013. Archived on May 8, 2013.
- St The Story of Kashmir Affairs - A Peep into the Past Archived June 18, 2014.
- ↑ Peerzada, Ashiq . '90 Srinagar massacre: SHRC orders fresh probe (December 27, 2012). The appeal date was March 1, 2013. "At least 52 people were allegedly killed during the protest demonstration on January 21, 1990 near Gow Kadal, in heart of Srinagar.".
- ↑ Dalrymple, William. Kashmir: The Scarred and the Beautiful . “ The New York Review of Books .” May 1, 2008.
- ↑ Muslims wage huge Kashmir protest (August 23, 2008). The date of appeal is March 1, 2013. "" It was the largest protest march in the Indiana city of Srinagar, Indiana Kashmiri.
- ↑ Lead. Ru: 30 people suffered because of riots in the Indian city of Srinagar
- ↑ 1 2 Jammu and Kashmir Population Census data 2011 . 2011 census of india . The appeal date is December 7, 2012.
- ↑ . Literacy in India . 2011 census of india. The appeal date is December 6, 2012.
- ↑ Sex Ratio of India . 2011 census of india. The appeal date is December 7, 2012.
- ↑ http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/11399/13/13_chapter%205.pdf