Kaynar (Akhangaran district)

Kaynar is located in the foothill zone of the right bank of the Akhangaran River, 10 km north of the city of Akhangaran , being a settlement ^{[1] [2]} . The height of the village center is about 645 m. It stands on a small, partially drying watercourse Amankulsay , which in the village is fed from the Kainar (or Gumbaz ) spring, having a lower constant flow ^[3] .

With other settlements Kainar is connected exclusively by dirt roads ^[3] .

The hill south of the Kainar sardoba is occupied by a Muslim cemetery ^[1] .

According to the topographic map of the General Staff, the state of the area for 1977, about 20 people lived in Kainar ^[3] .

In the old days, a caravan route ran through Kainar. It is known that in the XVIII - XIX centuries it was represented by a capital road with significant traffic connecting Tashkent with Ferghana ^[1] . This communication line, laid on top, played a leading role, being more convenient than the alternative route through Toytepa , since it crossed marshy areas and regularly became impassable ^{[1] [4]} . At the spring caravans made a stop ^[1] .

At the same time, the presence of an ancient trade route was traced back to the pre-Mongol period , connecting Chach through the cities of Jettykent ^{[room 1]} with the capital Ilak Tunket and passing by the modern sardoba Kainar ^{[1] [5]} .

In Kainar there is an architectural complex including a sardoba (a water reservoir at the spring) and a caravanserai (rabat) , the construction of which is attributed to the period of the Kokand khanate ^[2] . According to interrogative information, Kainargumbazi and a caravanserai were erected by order of one of the Kokand khans . However, various local residents attributed the initiative to different sovereigns: Madalikhan , who headed the country in 1822-1842, and Mullahan , in 1858-1862, respectively ^{[1] [4]} . The reign of Mullahan was associated with the improvement of the caravan route ^[4] . Studying the buildings in 1929 and 1934, M.E. Masson supported the dating of the discount to the Late Kokand era, but suggested that the sardoba is older in age. At present (in 2014) only the lower part of the sardoba has been preserved, and the ruins of the caravanserai are close to complete disappearance ^[6] .

The ancient Kainar mine functioned in the area of ​​the modern settlement (10-12 km north of the city of Akhangaran), apparently in the XI - XII centuries (dating from the accompanying finds). The archaeological site was discovered during geological work. The research of Chatkalo-Kuraminsky archaeological detachment in 1962 recorded 14 historical workings, which are represented by quarries and adits . Probably, silver was mined here ( lead and copper are also present in ores) ^[2] .

In the mound of the cemetery hill, M. E. Masson discovered stone slabs of significant size ^[1] .

In addition, near the village there are two undated burial mounds in the form of hills, apparently with loess embankment. As of 1973, excavations of the mounds were not carried out ^[2] .

Sardoba Kaynar

Sardoba Kaynar ( Kaynargumbaz , Kaynargumbazi , Kaynargumbazy ) is a dome rotunda ( gumbaz ), placed over a source of clean water. Traditions refer the building to the first half of the XIX century . Its base is composed of large stones that form a small reservoir . Actually, the gumbaz before destruction had three retreating to the center of the tier and an elongated vaulted ceiling. Its diameter in the plan is about 10 m, the height was similar. In the lower tier, five light windows were made to the south and southeast; a stream flows out from under the westernmost window. Above there were square openings and two ventilation windows to the south and north, forming arched gaps ^{[1] [4]} .

The rotunda was built from burnt square bricks (24–27 × 24–27 × 5 cm), which was burned out on the ground, with the inclusion of more ancient bricks, apparently taken from previous buildings. The masonry was done on a ganchak (a mixture of ganch and clay ), with obvious negligence, bears signs of repairs ^{[1] [4]} .

Caravanserai (discount)

The caravanserai (discount) in Kainar was probably built in the 19th century . Its complex included a facade building with a portal and decorative guldast turrets in the corners, including a mosque and a kitchen , a courtyard with a house and 5 hujras for guests ^{[1] [2]} . On the front side facing south, the building had 5 arched niches , the middle of which was the main entrance. The middle room was also a passage into the courtyard. On the sides of it were a prayer room and a kitchen (from the east and west, respectively), covered by domes; in the second, a hearth and a pipe were discovered. The courtyard from the south adjoined the front building, from the east and west it was limited to straight blank walls, from the north - it went out to the hujras. By the time of the survey by M.E. Masson, the dome over the kitchen was lost, the ceiling of the entrance room had collapsed, in the work “ Akhangeran. Archaeological and Topographical Essay ”(1953), the scientist reported the complete destruction of the hujras ^[1] .

The caravanserai was erected from burnt square bricks (26–27 × 26–27 × 5 cm), from the facade - facing (25–26 × 25–26 × 5 cm) ^[1] .

Comments

Sources

• Masson M.E. Akhangeran. Archaeological and topographical essay. - Tashkent: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR, 1953. - S. 61–62. - 1000 copies.
• Buryakov Yu.F. , Kasymov M.R., Rostovtsev O.M. Archaeological sites of the Tashkent region. - Tashkent: Fan Publishing House of the Uzbek SSR, 1973. - P. 86. - 3000 copies.
• Masson M.E. The problem of studying sardoba cisterns. - Tashkent: Publishing House of the Committee of Sciences under the SNK of the Uzbek SSR, 1935. - P. 14-15. - 1,500 copies

• Yusupova M.A. Ancient sardoba Kainargumbaz (Neopr.) . Econews. Ecological portal of Uzbekistan (November 5, 2014). Date of appeal February 12, 2017. (unavailable link)