Caledonian Wars - the military campaigns of the Romans in Britain in the I-III centuries.
They began under the emperor Vespasian (69-79), when the Roman governor Julius Agricola, having made 4 campaigns in Caledonia, conquered the country lying between modern Edinburgh and Glasgow.
In the year 84, at the foot of the Grampien Mountains, Agricola defeated the combined forces of the Scottish and Caledonian forces under the command of the leader Galgak. After some time, the Roman commander connected the bays of Force and Clydesky with a line of fortifications and provided a new border from raids.
Under Emperor Antoninus Pius (138–161), the Roman governor Lollius Urbique launched a new invasion of Caledonia and built the so-called Antoninov rampart. The Caledonians, constrained in a small space, began to raid Roman border provinces.
In 208, Emperor Septimius Severus (193–211) invaded Caledonia to punish them, but, having lost up to 40 thousand people in 3 campaigns, he could not lead the natives to submission. He also built a line of fortifications, the ruins of which on the border between England and Scotland have survived to the present.