Bièvre ( fr. Bièvre [bjɛvʁ] ) is a river in the north of France , a right tributary of the Bar ( Meuse basin). It flows through the territory of the canton of Vusier of the eponymous district of the Ardennes department of the Grand Est region (until 2016 Champagne - Ardennes ). The watercourse code is B5120300 [1] .
| Bievre | |
|---|---|
| fr Bièvre , Walloon. Bive | |
 The left arm of Bjevr is above the confluence with the right arm and the confluence of the r. Econ by the bridge on the D12 road (in the village –La Gengett street ) with. Briel-sur-Bar | |
| Characteristic | |
| Length | 11.8 km |
| Pool | 34.46 km² |
| Water flow | 0.45 m³ / s ( Briel-sur-Bar ) |
| Watercourse | |
| Source | |
| • Location | La Berlier commune |
| • Height | 205 m |
| • Coordinates | |
| Mouth | Bar |
| • Location | Briel-sur-Bar |
| • Height | 163 m |
| • Coordinates | |
| Location | |
| Water system | Bar → Meuse → North Sea |
| A country |
|
| Region | Grand Est |
| Area | Ardennes |
 - source  - mouth | |
Geographical position
It originates on the southern slopes of a thick forest, a relic of the Ardennes forest , the mountains of La Goglin ( Fr. la Gogline [la gɔg'lin] ) at an altitude of 205 m [1] . Near its source, it receives a streamlet from the north-west from a forest spring located just west of it. To both keys there is a forest path from the village of La Berliere .
It flows in a southeastern direction in an expanding hollow between the forested ridges of the Mont du Cyin mountains ( fr. Mont du Cygne [mɔ̃ dy 'siɲ] “Cygnus mountain” ) 258 m high from the south and La Goglin from the north, serving as a watershed with its tributaries:
- the left - a long forest nameless stream (along it and Bjevra there is a country road Ferm d'Ili ( Ferme d'Isly [fɛʁm di'li] ),
- right Petit-Moulin ( fr. le Petit Moulin [pəti mu'lɛ̃] / [lə pti mu'lɛ̃] ).
The area of the Bjevra catchment at the confluence of Petit-Moulins 6.2 km² [2] . On Bievre, at the confluence of Petit-Moulin, since the times of the Merovingians [3] (mid I millennium AD), stands the village-center of the Osh commune (the D24 highway crosses the river and; Osh is considered to be the streets of La Fontaine ( Rue de la Fontaine [ʁy də la fɔ̃'tɛn] ) and La Village [La vi'laʒ] .
Passing the gardens and gardens of Osh , Bjevr flows in the fields (the course is densely planted with trees throughout the stream), past the village of Verrier , forming the southern boundary of its commune with Saint Pierremont communes (in a small segment) and Briel-sur-Bar , taking to the left the steeper slope is one short nameless stream, and on the right there are five nameless streams flowing down to Beuvre at an acute angle in the south-east direction. The lowermost of them, several km, flows in parallel at a distance of 100-300 m; Both brooks are named below the stream connecting them when the channels of the old ditch come together. The catchment area here is 23.2 km², the total water consumption of both channels reaches 0.305 m³ / s [2] (the flow volume is more than 9,600,000 m³ / year).
Bievre bends around the spur of La Goglins from the south and, from the north and west, blocking the course of the hill with the village of Briel-sur-Bar (founded under his and Bar's natural defenses). On the northern outskirts of Brieul-sur-Bar , behind the bridge on the D12 highway (the local official name in the village is the La Gentget road ( La Guinguette [la gɛ̃'gɛt] ), the Bievre receives the right tributary Ecoen ( fr. Ecogne [ɛ'kɔɲ] ) and flows into the river Bar at an absolute height of 163 m [1] .
The length of the river is 11.8 km [1] .
Hydrological regime
The average annual instantaneous discharge at the mouth of 0.450 m³ / s [1] [2] .
In a mild maritime climate, there is a small spring maximum during the period of snow melting. The volume of runoff is 14.2 million m³ / year.
The height of the runoff layer is 411 mm / year for the river as a whole, with an average flow of 415 mm / year, which is significantly higher than the average for France , but significantly below the runoff layer of 461.5 mm / year [4] in the Meuse basin at Chaux , where the river leaves the borders of France.
The runoff module per unit of the catchment area is 13.04 l / (s × km²).
Origin of title
The toponym "Bievr" from the Gallic folk-Latin Bebrā [5] is often found in northeastern France, where ancient Germans ( Franks and others) were massively resettled during the Great Migration of Peoples . The word bievre - “beaver” as a common noun is found in the monuments of Old French and even Middle French (cf. Old Fr. befre , Old. Bevero from bibero ), which allows reconstructing the folk-Latin form biber [6] .
Due to the fact that the Bjer river flows in the peripheral zone of the Ardennes forest, which was studied and developed by the peasants quite early, before the full Romanization of Gaul , the toponym was to be formed in the Dolatin speech, from which the common noun was borrowed into vulgar Latin .
Hypothesis of Germanic origin of toponym
Ancient Germans in the southern Ardennes
The Germanic presence in the Ardennes zone (in ancient sources [7] [8] the Arduenn Forest has been recorded since ancient times: it was established that the Belgi were a union not only of the Celtic , but also of the Germanic tribes of the Yastorf culture . [9] [10] .
Even those tribes of the Belgian Union , which are not classified as Germans, considering the Celts , seem to be German-speaking carriers of the Hyundruck-Eifel culture who migrated through the Ardennes to the north-west [11] . According to the testimony of the leaders of the neighboring rena tribe Ikkiya and Andekumboriya
most of the Belges were of German origin, who had crossed the Rhine long ago and settled there due to the fertility of the land, and the former inhabitants, the Gauls , had been expelled.
The Ardennes were inhabited by the Aduatuks , who were considered descendants of the ancient Germanic tribes of the Cimbrians and Teutons ( Caesar . Notes on the Gallic War , VI, 2: text in Latin and Russian ), which can be interpreted as the ethnic consolidation of the Aduatuki in the early 1st century. BC er from later than other Belgi German migrants [12] .
The almost impassable forest of the Ardennes was surrounded by completely Germanized lands from almost all sides, from the North Rhine and from the west along the Meuse as early as 750 BC. e., from the east along the Moselle to 500 BC. er [13] Julius Caesar , listing the tribes that inhabited these places (including the Pemans , traditionally [14] [15] localized in the Ardennes), reports that they
united by the common name of the Germans.
Original text (lat.)uno nomine Germani appellantur.
The country was also flooded with other Germanic tribes that were not part of the Belgian alliance : during the uprising of Ambiorix ( 54-53 BC. )
Aduatuki ... in alliance with the Germans living on this [left] bank of the Rhine, are under arms.
Original text (lat.)Aduatucos ... adiunctis Cisrhenanis omnibus Germanis esse in armis.
During this uprising against the Roman conquerors, huge masses of armed German people ( Caesar . Notes on the Gallic War , VI, 5, 7, 9, 28, 29, 33: text in Latin and Russian ) passed through the Rhine that had a huge impact on the course of hostilities [16] [17]
When the uprising was crushed:
In the meantime, the Zareinsky Germans reached a rumor about the plundering of eburons and the fact that the Romans called hunters to their prey. ... Thousands of horsemen cross the Rhine on ships and on rafts ... They attack the frontier parts of the Eburon area, seize a lot of runaway people and a large number of cattle, to which the barbarians are generally great hunters. In the prey hobby, they move on; neither forests nor swamps detain these innate warriors and rogues.
After the extermination of the rebel tribes by the Romans ( Caesar . Notes on the Gallic War , VI, 34, 43, and others: text in Latin and Russian )
In a dense low forest called Arduenna, during enemy attacks, residents wove branches of willow bushes covered with thorns, and thus blocked access to the enemy. In some places they also slaughtered the stakes, and with all their families took refuge in the forest
of the survivors and the novi (English) (from the Latin. New Cis-Rhine Germans ) formed a tribe of Tungras
Those who first crossed the Rhine and drove out the Gauls, now known as the Tungras , were then called Germans. Thus, the name of the tribe gradually
prevailed and spread to all the people; at first, all of fear designated him by the name of the winners, and then, after this name took root, he himself began to call himself Germans.
- Cornelius Tacitus . About the origin of the Germans and the location of Germany // Works in two volumes. T.1. Annals. Small Works / Translated by A. S. Bobovich . - L .: Science, 1969. - p. 2.
The Roman province formed in these lands was called Lower Germany .
During the Great Migration, German-speaking Franks peacefully settle among the Romanized population , the forests of the Ardennes especially attract the younger sons of the congregation who did not inherit , who had the right to clear forest areas for arable land [18] .
German etymology
Bièvre is predominantly hydronymic from the word "beaver", from the middle low German bever [19] [20] [bēver] [21] , from here is the neutral . bever and Low German Bever (in the language of the Saxons - Old English beofar , rarely befer, befor [21] from the earlier bebr [5] [22] , as well as Old High German bibar, hence the Middle High German Biber [21] it. Biber ) [20] [23 ] from the pro- German ƀeƀruz [19] [21] [24] .
Celtic Hypothesis
However, Bièvre could also come from ascending to the same Proto-Indo-European * bʰebʰr-u- [25] (G. Koebler reconstructs the later Proto-Indo-European form * bʰebʰrus or * bʰebʰros [21] ) in consonance with the German one (which would not exclude the German tracing) or influence of the Gallic Bibracte 'beaver' [26] (in the sources also Bibrax, Bebriacum [6] [25] ) from Prakelt * bibro - / * bebro- ( eagle bébhar from old bibar , Kornos . befer , bret. bieuzr from Starobotonian beuer [6] ) on the Nostratic [25] or bebrus (base * bebru-) on narrow Celtic reconstructions [6] + * - akti ( Irish aktā , oldirl.- achta ) - Suffy ks with a collective value [5] , in ancient times, possibly meaning descendants of eponym [27] , which already in this form (for non-suffixing - see the hypothesis of J. Pokorny) could be modified in bièvre , like modern oronim Beuvre ( fr. Mont Beuvray ) near Oten from Bibrakt (in the Greek sources Βίβρακτα , Βίβραξ ) are the names of the ancient all-Gallic sanctuary, according to the most probable hypothesis derived from this word [28] .
Opinions about the directly Celtic origin of Vièvre (similar to Beuvronn ( fr. Beuvronne ) at the site of the late Antique Bebronna ( lat. Bebronnā ), from the same Celtic , but not German word), adhered to, in particular, Y. Pokorny , pointing to Celtic Bibroci forms, etc., which give, only in proper names, the forms * bibros, * bibrus, which are reflected in the historical source in the old Irish name [29] of the proper name Bibar (* Bibrus) . Taking into account the regular interlanguage phonetic correspondence for western Gaul, the form * bebros and its derivative, the Gallo-Roman toponym * Bebrā, corresponding to the modern Bièvre [5] is reconstructed [30 ] .
The Celtic hypothesis allows, along with a credible obvious explanation:
- “The habitat of a large population of beavers ” inhabiting small, deserted forest rivers with a slow current [31] , which corresponds to the landscape characteristics of Bjevre in the past;
put forward an assumption about
- origin from the genonym (name of the tribal division) of the Celtic first settlers.
Often, the genonyms are derived from the ethnonyms of other tribes, reflecting the origin of real or mythical ancestors, who joined the tribe by adoption .
Since the beaver was considered an ominous, dangerous and wise beast [29] [32] , it could be worshiped as a totem ancestor or act as an appellate name for the leader , from which an ethnonym could have been formed.
- It is noteworthy that in early medieval Ireland, the name Bibar [6] (* Bibrus [5] ) and
- clan irl. Corcu Bibuir [33] Old Bibrayge (Old Bibraige ) [5] from * Bibuirge [34] from ancient Bibrorígion [35] , despite the fact that beavers were never found in Ireland [36] .
- The Celts have historically witnessed from the bebrus “beaver” also the birbocia (birboki) in Kent [29] ( South-East England ), conquered by the Belgians in the 1st c. BC e.,
- singling out the Celtic denominational (pronounced) suffix -k (possibly as a folk etymology when transferred by the Thracians or Galatians from Bithynia) from the Celtic 'beaver' form the ethnonym Bebrik (in the Pyrenees) ( lat. Bebrykes under the influence of the Greek spelling of the Asia-Asian name, in which the Nato group of Eastern Siberian had applied the origin of Eastern Siberian area of Eastern Siberian unit of Eastern Siberian . in Narbonne Gaul and Near Spain .
- His eponym is King Bebriks ( Latin Bebryx ), originally a syncretic human beaver, according to a local Celtic legend [29] , set out with reference to the ancient cult of Hercules , according to Timaeus’s myth in the epic poem “ Punika ” (book II, verses 415—441 Celia Italica , named the father of Pyrene , eponym Pyrenees , “princess beavers” (according to Zeidler, p.16), which can be seen from her chthonic image (sexual hunger and wildness, drunken conception from Hercules, tied to wild, deserted places, torn by wild beasts ) and the myth of the birth of her snake, closest to the beaver creatures according to mythological ideas about their similar essence and role: both corresponded to the lower level of the three-term division of the universe, at the roots of the world tree , the sources of the world river, moving closer to chthonic creatures [37] [38] [39] .
Perhaps the assignment of the name of the river was due
- the existence in the tribal structure of the Celtic population of the hypothetical genus of bebros and was supported by the very large population of beavers on the river;
- or, on the contrary, this peculiarity made the river a place of worship of totemic ancestors of the same kind, according to which it was named.
Pool
The catchment area is 34.46 km² [40] . The basin forms the hydrographic zone of La Bièvre (B512) under the supervision of the State Rhine-Mezu Water Agency ( Fr. Agence de l'Eau Rhin-Meuse ) [1] .
In the past, the basin was located in the southern part of the mountainous coniferous Ardennes (in the Gallo-Roman era of Arduenne) forest - the largest continuous mass of virgin forests in Western Europe.
Arduenne forest, the largest in all of Gaul , which goes for over five hundred miles [41] from the banks of the Rhine and the trever border to the country of nerves .
Nowadays, forests, mostly planted trees, together with orchards, occupy only 22.9% (788 hectares of 3446 hectares), and fields - 74.9% (2581 hectares) of the basin area [42] . The soils of the Bjevor basin are forested, infertile.
Major tributaries
Petit Moulin
Petit-Moulin ( fr. Le Petit Moulin [pəti mu'lɛ̃] / [lə pti mu'lɛ̃] '[stream] of the Small Mill') - begins [43] in the coppice on the eastern slope of Mont-Ebreu ( fr. Mont Hébreu [mɔ̃ eb'rø] ) south-south-west of the village of Stonnes in its commune and flows southward, skirting the hill on which the village-center of the municipality of La Berliere is located (on the north-western slope of this hill it starts and is bordered by an unnamed tributary from the west).
Petit-Moulin formed old ladies at this hill (the largest is Le Grand- Ée ( fr. Le Grandes Haies [lə gʁɑ̃'dɛ] ).
Along the river, the D130 road (within La Berliera-La Plas ( La Place [la 'plas] ) and, south of La Berliere , D24 (within La Berlera Le Village ( Le Village [lə vi'laʒ] ), in Osh St. . La Fontaine ( rue de la Fontaine [əy də la fɔ̃'tɛn] .
At the confluence to the right in Bievr, being here longer and deeper, it is the village-center of the Osh commune. The length is 5.0 km.
Econ
Ekoen ( fr. Ecogne'kɔɲ ) originates at the foot of the south-western ridge of Mont-Ebreux, flows in the east-south-east direction (in the middle course through the forest, where it forms two flowing lakes). On the river passes the northern boundary of the municipality of Verrier with the commune of Sy and, in a short stretch, with the commune of Briel-sur-Bar . It falls off the northwestern edge of the village of Briel-sur-Bar on the right in Beuvre. The length is 5.4 km [44] .
Attractions
The population of the Bjevor basin does not exceed 400 people, there are no industrial enterprises. There is no tourist infrastructure nearby.
The forest on La Goglin, in the origins of Bjevra, is famous for champignons and as a corner of pristine nature.
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Beevre registration card on Fr. government geoportal with reference to Corine Land Cover 2006
- ↑ 1 2 3 Débits caractéristiques de la Bièvre (1971–1990) par l'Agence d'Eau Rhin-Meuse
- ↑ Preserved ruins of buildings.
- ↑ Calculation according to the data of the same observation period (1971–1990) of the Sho gauging station of the hydrographic zone B720
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Pokorny J. Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, 1. Bd. 1. Aufl. Bern-München: A. Francke AG Verlag, 1959 (2005 —5.Aufl.), S. 136–137. ISBN 3772009476
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Matasović, Ranko. Etymological dictionary of proto-Celtic. - Leiden: "Brill", 2009. - (Leiden Indo-European etymological dictionary series). - ISBN 978-90-04-17336-1 .
- ↑ Caesar . Notes on the Gallic War , VI, 29, 31, 33: Text in Latin and Russian
- ↑ Strabo . Geography , IV, 1, 5: Text in Russian
- ↑ Jochen Brandt. Jastorf und Latène: Kultureller Austausch und seine Auswirkungen auf soziopolitische Entwicklungen in der vorrömischen Eisenzeit // Internationale Archäologie. - 2001. - T. 66 .
- ↑ Wolfram, Herwig. Die Germanen / CHBeck Wissen. — 9., Überarbeitete Auflage (1. Aufl. 1999). - Berlin: CH Beck Verlag, 2009. - ISBN 978-3-406-59004-7 .
- ↑ Wightman, EM Gallia Belgica. - Los Angeles Berkeley: Cal. Uni. Press, 1985. - P. 12-13.
- ↑ According to the leaders of the Renes, the Aduatuk descendants of precisely those Zareinian Germans, in a bitter struggle with the invasion of which the Belga defended their lands ( Caesar . Notes on the Gallic War , II, 4: text in Latin and Russian ).
- ↑ Settlement map of ancient Germanic tribes (Kinder H., Hilgemann W. Atlas zur Weltgeschichte. Berlin: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1999)
- ↑ The real dictionary of classical antiquities / ed.-comp. F. Lubker ; Edited by members of the Society of Classical Philology and Pedagogy F. Gelbke , L. Georgievsky , F. Zelinsky , V. Kansky , M. Kutorgi and P. Nikitin . - SPb. 1885.
- ↑ Notes by Julius Caesar and his successors on the Gallic War, on the Civil War, on the Alexandrian War, on the African War / Ed. I. I. Tolstoy. - M. , 1993.
- ↑ Goldsworthy A. Caesar: Life of a Colossus. - New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 2006. - p. 299.
- ↑ Cambridge Ancient History. - 2nd ed. - Volume IX: The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146-43 BC. - Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. - P. 404.
- ↑ Borchardt U. Economic History of Germany. L .: "The Book", 1924. Part 1. Division two. Ch. VII
- ↑ 1 2 Orel V. A Handbook of Germanic Etymology. - Leiden, Boston, Mass .: KKoninklijke ' Brill NV, 2003. - P. 40-41. - ISBN 90-04-12875-1 .
- ↑ 1 2 Klüge, Fr. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. 23 aufl. Bearb. von Seebold E. Berlin-NY, NY: W. de Gruyter, 1995. S.107
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Köbler, Gerhard. Indogermanisches Wörterbuch, (3. Auflage) 2000.
- ↑ Watkins C. The American Heritage® Dictionary of Indo-European Roots. Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin Co, 2000 (1st ed. 1985).
J. Pokorny follows here Walde A. Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen. Ii. Bd. Hrsg. von J. Pokorny. Berlin-Leipzig: W. de Gruyter, 1929. S.166
See also Holthausen F. Altenglisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1934. S.20
However, The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. Ed. by Onions CT Ox.:Ox. Univ. Press, 1978. p.83 - ↑ Shansky N. M. , Bobrova, T. A. School etymological dictionary of the Russian language . - 3rd. - M .: “ Bustard ”, 2004.
- ↑ G. Köbler does not exclude also the forms * ƀeƀru-, * ƀiƀru-, and, unlikely, * iƀruz. S. Nikolaev and S. Starostin insist on * ƀiƀr-u-.
- ↑ 1 2 3 S. L. Nikolaev, S. A. Starostin. Etymological database of Indo-European language, 1998–2005 (Inaccessible link) . - sv * bhebhr-u- with reference to Walde A. Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen. Hrsg. von J. Pokorny. Berlin-Leipzig: W. de Gruyter, 1929II. Bd., S. 166f. The date of circulation is February 16, 2017. Archived February 17, 2017.
- ↑ F. Shimkevich. Ancestral words of the Russian language t. 1, p. 180-181, sv beaver .
- ↑ MacNeil, § 41, p.71 referring to R. Tournasen’s opinion: Thurneysen R. * A grammar of Old Irish (translated by DA Binchy and Osborn Bergin), Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, reprinted 2003. ISBN 1-85500-161 -6 § 262
- ↑ Pierre-Yves Lambert . La langue gauloise: description linguistique, commentaire d'inscriptions choisies, Errance, Paris, "Collection des Hesperides", 1994
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Zeidler Jurgen. Celtic Religion and Systems Theory. Chapter 4.5.1, p. 15
- ↑ Detailed proof in: Celtic sound changes and their chronology. Innsbruck, 2007
- ↑ Common beaver # Lifestyle
- ↑ Gąsiorowski, Piotr. Setting the scene for the beaver. "Language Evolution: How & why language language changes and changes." No.1 (36). Poznań, 2016
- ↑ MacNeil Eoin. Early Irish Population Groups: Their Nomenclature, Classification, and Chronology .- (Cok UC Corpus of Electronic Text) .- Cork: Cork Univ. Colledge Press, 2012 p. 71, 81
- ↑ McNeill § 50, p. 81
- ↑ MacNeil, § 37, p. 67; etymology is somewhat different in Pokorny I, S.163
- ↑ archaeologist dr. R. F. Schraff ( German Schraff ) drew the attention of Dr. E. Mc Neil; see MacNeil, § 50, p.81
- ↑ Sokolova Z. P. Cults of animals in religions. Moscow, "Science", 1972.
- ↑ Animals / Topor V.N. // Myths of the Nations of the World : Encyclical. in 2 t. / Ch. ed. S.A. Tokarev . - 2nd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1987-1988.
- ↑ Tokarev S. A. Early forms of religion and their development. Moscow: "Science", 1964.
- ↑ According to the calculations of S. Steinberg (Eastern State Region, Geological Enterprise, Lugansk ) in the space survey of Google Maps , coinciding with the sum of the land areas of all individual types of destinations and land use, reconstructed according to the ridiculous ( in the amount of> 100%) to the percentages calculated in Bjevr's registration card to the “independently measured” basin area and confirmed, with less accuracy of measurement, fr. state Basin Water Agency ( 34.5 km² ). Calculations program BDCarthage for Fr. government portal www.services.sandre.eaufrance.fr 34.0 km² inaccurate.
- ↑ up to 800 km; significantly overstated
- ↑ The data from the Bjevr card , 23.17% and 75.91%, respectively, calculated to “independently calculated” (with 200 times greater error!) Of the total basin area, are recalculated to its value with the same accuracy.
- ↑ Pet-Moulin registration card on fr. government geoportal
- ↑ card Econ on fr. government geoportal