Skoropadsky, Daniil Pavlovich

Daniil Skoropadsky was born on January 31 ( February 13 ), 1904 in St. Petersburg. He received his name in honor of the Hetman Daniel the Apostle . Daniel was the fourth child in the family of Pavel and Alexandra Skoropadsky, who at that time already had two daughters (Mary and Elizabeth) and a son, Peter. Parents of Daniel by their origin, wealth and status belonged to the highest aristocratic circles of St. Petersburg.

Pedigree

Daniel's father, Pavel Skoropadsky, is a cavalry guard and an adjutant of the tsar, a participant in the Russian-Japanese war , one of the largest landowners of his time. Extensive possessions in the Poltava and Chernihiv provinces ( Trostyanets , Poloshki , Yaroshovka , Voskovtsy, Dunayets , Kubarov ) passed from his grandfather and father to him and his brother Mikhail. In Kubarov, one of the best stud farms in the Russian Empire was kept, a large distillery; in Poloshki, high-quality clay was extracted, which was used at its own factory for the production of bricks; construction materials were sold in the Kubarovsko-Dunaetskiy and Trostyanetsk farms. These estates annually gave the Skoropadsky families huge profits.

Mother - Alexandra Petrovna Skoropadskaya (Durnovo) - was the only daughter of Adjutant General Pyotr Pavlovich Durnovo, who also occupied a prominent place in the highest hierarchy of the then Russian society and belonged to wealthy groups - was the founder of the Siberian Trade Bank, a member of the Altai Gold Industry Society, had large estates in Vyatka and other provinces. Mother of Alexandra Durnovo - Maria Vasilievna (from the Kochubeev family) owned several estates in the Poltava region - Chutovo , Kochubeyevka , Iskrovka , Skorokhodovo .

On the father's side, Daniil Skoropadsky inherited belonging to one of the oldest and most famous Ukrainian families. Its genus reached the middle of the 17th century, when the name of Fyodor Skoropadsky was first documented, who glorified his name in the Battle of the Yellow Waters of 1648 , during the liberation war of the Ukrainian people against Polish rule . ^[one]

In a letter to Daniel 1925, Pavel Skoropadsky proudly reminded his son:

“... Your ancestors were simple Cossacks and received the kind of mobilization for service in the army, for courage, for energy, for military talent, they were discovered ... They never wanted a quiet life without worries and without labor, walked on thorny paths and reached a high position in the state and its outstanding role in the history of its people. ” ^[2]

One of such figures in Ukrainian history was the hetman of Left-Bank Ukraine, Ivan Skoropadsky ( 1646 - 1722 ), who in the difficult post-Mazepa period had to constantly restrain the dispersal of the winner Peter I, who sought to destroy the autonomy of Ukraine . Ivan Skoropadsky did not have sons, so his brother Vasily (the centurion of the Chernigov regiment, and then the corps general hetman), who was the direct ancestor of Daniil Skoropadsky, became the continuer of the clan. Over the course of three centuries, this clan has given Ukraine many outstanding military, state and public figures.

Members of the Skoropadsky clan were married in marriage with the most famous Cossack-gentry families, among whom were the Apostles , Butovichi , Gamalei , Zabello, Zakrevsky , Kochubey , Lysenko , Kulyabki , Lizoguby , Markevich , Miklashevsky , Miloradovichi , Tarnovsky , Polubotki . ^[3] In addition, in the female lines, the Skoropadsky clan was associated with the grand dynasties of the Rurikovich , Gediminovich , and also with the dominant European clans. The descendants of these dynasties in a straight line were Daniel's paternal grandmother, Maria Andreevna Miklashevska, and Getmanich's mother, Alexandra Petrovna, who on the maternal side came from the famous Ukrainian family Kochubeev. One of the oldest ancestors of Alexandra Skoropadskaya (Durnovo) is also considered Count Henri de Mons, a native of Flanders , back in the middle of the XIV century. turned out to be a donkey in the Chernihiv region. Thus, the family tree of Danil Skoropadsky was deeply rooted in the most ancient layers of not only Ukrainian, but also European history.

The formation of a national worldview

To a certain extent, the formation of the boy’s national worldview was influenced to a certain extent by being every summer in his father’s family estates - Poloshki (Danila was first brought there at the age of six months) and Trostyants in Chernihiv region. Portraits of hetmans (including Mazepa ), old grievances and Cossack weapons, rare books that have been collected for centuries by grandfathers and great-grandfathers probably did not leave Daniel indifferent. It was here, among the Ukrainian nature, the Ukrainian language and clan traditions, that, contrary to the elite environment of Petersburg , he felt his kinship with the Ukrainian people.

Unfortunately, the national flavor of Poloshok, and especially Trostyants, was not as expressive at that time as, for example, during the time of Ivan Mikhailovich Skoropadsky - grandfather Pavel Skoropadsky and great-grandfather Daniil. The Ukrainian atmosphere then pervaded all life around. In his memoirs, Pavel Skoropadsky not without reason mentioned that he received his first Ukrainian impressions in his grandfather’s house. Ivan Mikhailovich spoke good Ukrainian and carefully observed Ukrainian traditions not only in everyday life, but also in religious rites. His frequent guests were well-known Ukrainophiles and figures of Ukrainian culture - Vasily Tarnovsky , Vasily Gorlenko, Grigory Galagan , Nikolay Ge and others. Here, on the Trostyanetsk estate, songs of bandura players constantly sounded, they discussed works by Taras Shevchenko , Nikolai Kostomarov and other Ukrainian poets and writers. As Pavel Skoropadsky recalled, from 5 to 12 years old, in addition to his family estates, Starodub and Kiev , he had not seen any other cities at all.

As for Daniel, he was a little less fortunate in this regard than his father.

Childhood

The childhood of Daniil Skoropadsky passed mainly in St. Petersburg , where the Skoropadsky family lived until mid- 1918 . He grew up in the Russian environment and mainly under the influence of Russian culture. Like all children of the then elite, the boy received a classic home upbringing and education.

Little Daniel played the piano , viola , violin , studied foreign languages ​​( English , French , German ), took part in children's concerts and performances, attended theaters and art exhibitions, was actively involved in sports. In general, the boy's range of interests was extremely wide. From early childhood he was also interested in machines and loved to design, engaged in sawing wood and acquired the skills of carpentry. Do-it-yourself things (whatnot, shelves, photo frames, flower stands), he lovingly presented to loved ones. Individual lessons of Daniel at home were later combined with training at the First St. Petersburg Gymnasium.

An important role in the upbringing of children was played by the mother, Alexandra Petrovna Skoropadskaya. She was the soul of the family. Pavel Skoropadsky, as a career soldier, did not have the opportunity to pay enough attention to children, therefore it was his wife who was primarily responsible for their development and formation as individuals.

Contemplating the processes that engulfed society after the February events of 1917 , and expressing concern for the future of children, in March of that year she wrote to her husband:

“I think with horror about the future education of Danilka. How difficult it will be to instill a sense of decency in him in that rotten world in which you have to live ... But don’t worry, I won’t lose my spirit, in any case, I will bring Your children one way or another on the path of truth and decency ... ” ^[4]

Despite the difficult period that began after the overthrow of tsarism, with its instability and unpredictability, a complete frustration in public relations and the minds of people, Alexandra Skoropadska really managed to save the children from the loss of the ideals on which they were brought up, and raise them honest and noble.

In the same vein, it is appropriate to recall the article by Osip Nazaruk “The Hetman's Family”, which the author wrote in 1927 , shortly after visiting the Skoropadsky family in Berlin . As an outside observer and an unbiased person, he was fascinated by the atmosphere and relationships that reigned in the Getman family. The children made a special impression on him. In this regard, he wrote:

“Children are brought up in such a way that God forbid that each of us have children who are at least a little raised: they are scientists, pious, hardworking (working with Getmanova in the garden). Moreover, their behavior is so humane and modest that everyone here loves them. ” ^[five]

In the maelstrom of revolution

The year 1917 was fatal for the Russian Empire of the Romanovs and a turning point for many of its peoples. With the abdication of Emperor Nicholas II , a new stage began radically in the life of Skoropadsky. This message found the family, except for his father, in Petrograd. Daniel was then 13 years old. At that time, the family already had five children: on September 29, 1915, Alexandra Petrovna gave birth to another boy - Pavel.

The events that raged in revolutionary Petrograd could not remain out of sight of a fifth-grade student of the gymnasium, who was used to the measured ordered rhythm of the life of the capital. The boy described his experiences in numerous letters to his father.

Daniel's father found out about the revolution in Ukraine, where the 34th Army Corps, which he commanded, was stationed at that time. Revolutionary events gained momentum, and led to a change in the worldview of the former tsarist general, who witnessed an unprecedented upsurge in the national democratic movement. Skoropadsky had a choice: with whom to go next and which way to choose. As a Ukrainian , he probably subconsciously identified this path immediately, but entered the Ukrainian revolution gradually, after hesitation and reflection. After all, his whole previous life was closely connected with the Russian Empire, in which he occupied one of the main places, and the socialist ideas of the leaders of the Ukrainian Central Rada were completely alien and unacceptable to him.

However, a kaleidoscope of turbulent events in Petrograd and Kiev , especially after the Bolsheviks came to power in Russia , forced Pavel Skoropadsky to make a final decision and realize his mission in the revolution. In his memoirs, he wrote:

“... I took the path to which my heart lay closest. This path led to Ukraine. I walked without ambitious plans, from stage to stage, gradually more and more accepting the Ukrainian worldview, which led me to the idea of ​​Ukrainian statehood ” ^[6]

Times of the Ukrainian State

In the spring of 1918, the policy of the Ukrainian Central Rada crashed: on April 29, 1918, a new stage in the history of the Ukrainian revolution began. It was on that day that the congress of the farmers-owners that gathered in the Kiev circus of Krutikov on the street. Nikolaev, proclaimed Hetman of all Ukraine Pavel Skoropadsky .

About events in Ukraine, Aleksandra Skoropadskaya with children learned from the Petrograd press. Their further stay in Petrograd under the conditions of the Bolshevik regime became increasingly dangerous. But the question of moving was resolved only in June, after the signing of a ceasefire agreement in Kiev ( June 12, 1918 ) between the Ukrainian State and Bolshevik Russia. At the end of June 1918, the Getman family arrived by special train in the Ukrainian capital.

The residence of Pavel Skoropadsky was located in a small house on the street. Institutskaya, 40, where governors general once lived. Getman categorically refused to occupy the imperial palace , which was nearby and was much larger, for reasons of principle: not so long ago, the Kiev Bolshevik Revolutionary Committee was in it. In the hetman's house, which was guarded by special guards, the Skoropadsky family was assigned six small rooms along with a dining room and a living room. ^[7]

Remembering those times in exile, Daniil wrote that he watched the change of the hetman's guard every day, which exactly at 12 o'clock with music and Ukrainian flags passed by his window, and this made him especially thrilling. ^[8] Here, in the house, Daniel witnessed the reception by the Hetman of foreign ambassadors and delegations, as well as the daily meetings of the hetman ministers. He had the opportunity to see closely those who were responsible for the fate of Ukraine at that time and made a lot of efforts to build it. These were such famous personalities as Nikolai Vasilenko , Dmitry Doroshenko , Dmitry Dontsov , Anton Rzhepetskiy , Vyacheslav Lipinsky and many others.

In his memoirs, Dmitry Doroshenko recalled how truly the work of the hetman apparatus was truly titanic, and how hetman himself worked selflessly, almost without rest. Doroshenko noted the amazing performance of Pavel Skoropadsky , his ability to clearly and strictly distribute time and have time to do a lot. As Dmitry Doroshenko wrote,

“... He [Skoropadsky] lived as a prisoner in his house: from morning until late at night he sat at receptions, listening to reports and meetings. I just had to wonder how the human body could endure such a strain. ” ^[9]

In this regard, the example of the father was the basis on which the character and personality of Daniel was formed in the future. Throughout Hetman's life, as his contemporaries recalled, work was a red thread. Work on oneself, on the hetman's idea, on a wide social field, by profession.

In Kiev, Getman studied in the Ukrainian class of the gymnasium of Vladimir Naumenko , a well-known teacher , public figure and editor of "Kiev Antiquities". Daniel called Colonel N. Blavatny his "home" teacher, who spent a lot of time with him and thanks to which Daniel was able to understand and realize a lot. On August 15, 1918, the Skoropadsky family suffered great grief: suddenly the younger brother of Daniel, three-year-old Pavel, died and at the same time Alexandra Petrovna lost another child who did not have time to be born. ^[ten]

In general, Getman's stay in Kiev was limited to three months, and the period of the existence of the Hetman state was limited to a family and a half. She was overthrown as a result of an anti-Hetman uprising and the rise of the Directory . But in those days when the Ukrainian State existed real and was already firmly on its feet, forever engraved in the memory of Hetman. Memories of them later became the life-giving force that nourished his soul and helped determine his path in a foreign land.

Shortly before the uprising, Pavel Skoropadsky sent the children abroad. His wife stayed in Kiev to be near and share all the difficulties of her husband. After the Directory outlawed Pavel Skoropadsky, he was forced to leave Kiev and leave with his wife for Germany , and then for a while in Switzerland . The Universal of the Directory, outlawing Pavel Skoropadsky, at the same time confiscated all his estates. On this occasion, Vyacheslav Lipinsky wrote:

“... At that time it was a lonely Ukrainian order for the personal confiscation of a manor house. None of the gentlemen who treated Ukraine with contempt and hatred, and therefore did not give any participation in Ukrainian life, the Ukrainian intelligentsia did not confiscate the estates. Only the Skoropadsky estate and Hetman himself were confiscated - that he gave all his strength in the construction of the Ukrainian State ”

After the fall of the Ukrainian State , being a 14-year-old boy, Daniil Skoropadsky and his family found themselves in a foreign land. While in exile in Switzerland ( Lausanne ), he graduated with honors from the French real gymnasium in 1922 and soon left for Germany in Wannsee (near Berlin ), where his family finally settled in late 1921 . Here he worked as a worker at the Siemens and Schuckert factory ( Siemens-Schuckert ), and then entered the Higher Technical School ( Berlin Technical University ) in Charlottenburg. After its completion, from 1928 to 1932 , Daniil Skoropadsky was an employee of the largest electrical factory of those times, Siemens and Halske ( Siemens & Halske ). ^[eleven]

Hetman Movement

В то время украинская политическая эмиграция четко разделилась на три группы: республиканцев УНР , консервативные круги и национал-революционеров. Деятели, которые представляли на чужбине Украинское Государство 1918 года и принадлежали к консервативному лагерю (среди них — Вячеслав Липинский , Николай Кочубей, Сергей Шемет, Александр Скоропись-Йолтуховский ), основали в Австрии в 1920 году Украинский Союз Хлеборобов-Державников (УСХД), что дало начало гетманскому движению в эмиграции.

Политическая программа Союза, главной сутью которой принцип трудовой монархии, изложена в труде Вячеслава Липинского «Письма к братьям-хлеборобам». УСХД ставил целью построение украинского суверенного государства в форме наследственного гетманата во главе с Павлом Скоропадским и его родом . Гетман Павел Скоропадский стал во главе УСХД в 1922 году, и одновременно в Берлине была создана Центральная управа (позднее — Главное управление объединенных земледельческих организаций) как исполнительный орган УСХД, которому подчинялись все члены Союза в разных странах.

В начале 1920 -х гг. появился ряд гетманских организаций в Чехословакии , Польше , Германии, Франции . На гетманские позиции перешли многочисленные украинские организации США и Канады .

Летом 1926 года в Берлине был создан Украинский научный институт, основателем которого стало Общество помощи беженцам во главе с женой Гетмана Александрой Скоропадской. Первым директором института был профессор Дмитрий Дорошенко , известный национальный деятель, историк , бывший министр иностранных дел Украинского Государства 1918 года.

Активизация украинской политической эмиграции, гетманского движения, не оставила в стороне Даниила Скоропадского. Большое влияние оказывали на него и близкие отношения с Вячеславом Липинским и другими известными деятелями монархического направления. В тот период Даниил проводил активную работу среди украинской молодежи и возглавлял студенческую организацию «Днепр», тесно сотрудничал с многими известными украинскими деятелями, в том числе со Степаном Федаком — братом жены полковника Евгения Коновальца , а также принимал участие в работе Гетманского клуба им. Липинского, в котором, между прочим, постоянным гостем был и сам Евгений Коновалец. Кроме этого, Даниил принимал активное участие и в более широком украинском студенческой жизни.

Наследник украинского престола

Павел Скоропадский и его единомышленники видели в Даниле человека, который смог бы возглавить гетманское движение после отца. Ввиду важности этого дела и ответственность, которую Даниил должен был принять на себя, Павел Скоропадский 1 апреля 1925 года обратился к нему со своим известным письмом. Письмо было приурочено к совершеннолетию Даниила, и в нем Гетман выразил свои мысли по поводу той миссии, что лежала на нем и гетманском движении вообще. Он писал:

«Когда в 1918 году я, ища выхода для своего края из критического положения, руководствовался больше инстинктом, то теперь я уже вполне осознанно и продуманно кладу на плечи свои и своих потомков этот тяжкий крест и эту большую задачу — служить неизменной, непоколебимой опорой для Украинской Государственности. Моим долгом является не только до конца своей жизни вести гетманцев к победе, но также приготовить себе преемника, достойного высокой чести и большой ответственности быть вождем нации.

Поэтому я ставлю тебе, мой сын и единственный наследник моих прав и обязанностей, вопрос: готов ли ты, мои права и обязанности на себя перенять и до конца их стойко нести? Все обдумай и обмозгуй. Пусть величие задач не пугает тебя». ^[12]

Последней установкой Гетману Даниилу были такие слова:

«Помни, раз ты примешь на себя добровольно мои права и обязанности, ты должен заботиться о том, чтобы быть достойным великого задания, ты должен приобрести мудрых, честных, преданных общей идее и хорошо организованным помощников и что таких помощников нельзя сразу при необходимости найти и организовать, а нужно их разыскивать и готовить целую жизнь». ^[13]

После длительных размышлений Даниил через год дал положительный ответ. В начале 1933 года он оставил работу на фабрике и полностью отдался деятельности в гетманском центре. 16 мая 1933 года , в день своего 60-летия, Гетман Павел Скоропадский торжественно провозгласил:

«История велит мне заботиться, чтобы начатая мною в 1918 году государственная организация Украины продолжалась дальше до полного счастливого завершения нашего национально-государственного дела. В наших украинских реалиях нужно для этого напряженной, упорной работы ряда поколений. Поэтому, хоть и чувствую еще силы, энергию и порыв к борьбе, то все же должен позаботиться о том, чтобы и после меня было обеспечено непрерывное продвижение нашего дела.

И поэтому … торжественно провозглашаю свою волю:

После меня продвижение нашего дела и все права и обязанности старшего в нашем роду переходят на сына моего Даниила. Сыну моему Даниилу завещаю стойко, до конца жизни стоять во главе гетманского государственного дела, а всем гетманцам — верно помогать ему в этом». ^[14]

Тем самым, Павел Скоропадский и его сторонники последовательно делали шаги на пути утверждения принципов наследственной монархии со всей ее атрибутикой. Сам факт политического и наследственного завещания должен предостеречь попытки других заметных фигур заявить претензии на украинский престол.

Путешествие в Соединенные Штаты и Канаду

Готовясь к своей миссии, Даниил Скоропадский по поручению отца совершил в 1937 - 1938 гг. свою самое известное путешествие в США и Канаду . Украинская диаспора и гетманская организация за океаном были на то время самыми многочисленными. Приезд впервые на американский континент представителя гетманской идеи и наследника Павла Скоропадского имел для них огромное значение. Первая встреча с Гетьманом состоялась в Чикаго , куда он прибыл в связи с церемонией посвящения украинского самолета «Киев». Здесь Даниил обратился к соотечественникам с речью и сразу поразил присутствующих своей эрудицией и глубоким знанием украинского дела. На протяжении четырехмесячного визита, проходившего, как писала тогдашняя пресса, под лозунгом «За Украину» ^[15] и под знаком украинского трезубца, он провел многочисленные встречи с украинцами разных поколений и политических устремлений. Его выступления были полны великого патриотизма, призывов к единению, серьезных раздумий о будущем нации.

Acquaintance of the overseas diaspora with Skoropadsky Daniel exceeded any ideas about him. He managed to win the hearts of many Ukrainians, infect with his energy, give a new impetus to their life in a foreign land. As contemporaries recalled, Hetman, among other positive qualities, had a special gift to attract people and rally them around him. He was a real diplomat in his relationship with them. This quality was manifested in his behavior, manners, actions. This is exactly what thousands of Ukrainians of America and Canada saw Daniel when they wrote about him:

“Tall, slender, strongly built, famous athlete, courageous and affectionate, energetic in movements and speech, calm, but decisive, restrained, respectable, but not cold, elegant on the outside and in relations with people, free to behave, and at the same time complete truly hetman respect. He lured Ukrainians behind him ... ” ^[16]

His trip to Canada became a real triumph for Daniel, where he made 41 public appearances before the Ukrainian communities of Toronto , Montreal , Ottawa , Saskatoon , Edmonton , Calgary . His popularity reached its peak at that time. He saw a leader about whom even foreign newspapers wrote:

"... The 33-year-old prince of Ukraine may one day become the central figure in the great rebellion, on which the fate of Europe and Ukraine may depend. " ^[17]

Highly appreciating Getman's visit to the USA and Canada, the Ukrainian diaspora made the main result:

“Most of all, his business is breaking ice in the whole of Ukraine, which has been held captive by demagogic anti - hetman propaganda for almost two decades ” ^[18]

World War II

In 1939, a new stage in the life of Daniil Skoropadsky began, connected with Great Britain . In conditions when the Second World War actually began, he, at the suggestion of his father, left for England in early August 1939, before (in May 1939), together with his father, taking part in a meeting with Augustine Voloshin .

Pavel Skoropadsky informed the public about the departure of Daniel during his own name day. The guests present connected this with plans to organize Ukrainian troops from immigrants in Europe and America, where Hetman visited shortly before. In fact, his goal was to establish contacts with the British government in the event of the victory of the anti-Hitler coalition in the war. However, in Great Britain everyone who came from Germany was very suspicious, and it was difficult to miss such a person as Daniil Skoropadsky. Therefore, he could not deploy vigorous activity. In general, with the outbreak of war, the position of Daniil Skoropadsky was rather difficult.

In London, Daniil Skoropadsky lived the last 18 years of his life, until the tragic day of February 23, 1957 , when he was gone. At the time of Hetman's arrival in Great Britain, there were few Ukrainian emigrants, and almost the only representative of the Hetman movement in this region was Vladimir Korostovets , who arrived at the time in England on behalf of Pavel Skoropadsky. But in the postwar period, the circle of Ukrainian emigration to Great Britain expanded significantly; there were about 40 thousand refugees from the USSR , including members of the OUN and UPA soldiers. Subsequently, the Ukrainian diaspora here became one of the largest in Europe.

On March 15, 1945, Pavel Skoropadsky instructed one of his close associates, Ilya Sapisi, to get into the area of ​​operations of the English army in order to then contact Daniil Skoropadsky and transfer him to “make every effort to save the Ukrainians without a difference in their political convictions”.

The hetman replied:

“Our strength lies in our people. They survive - Ukraine will rise! ” ^[19]

Daniil Skoropadsky as he could executed his father's order. In particular, he ensured that the soldiers of the Ukrainian National Army (I Division of the UNA) were interned in the Anglo-American zone of occupation.

Among the many problems that Hetman also faced, one of the main issues was the creation of the Union of Ukrainians in Great Britain (SUV). He attached paramount importance to the solution of this question, because he understood that the Ukrainian emigration could continue the struggle for its ideals only when it itself was strong and united. Such a Union was created in 1946 in Edinburgh . Soon, Daniel, as one of the main organizers of SUV, was elected its permanent honorary chairman.

In order to stay on the surface and not be a burden for hetman organizations across the ocean in material terms, Daniil Skoropadsky after the war again returned to work in his specialty.

In 1946, fate brought him together with world-famous businessman Vladimir Dzhusom, an American of Ukrainian descent, who led the large aircraft manufacturing company Dzus Fastener in America . Having a branch of this company in England , he invited Daniel to work and for the next 11 years, until his death, Getman worked here as technical director. Vladimir Juus greatly appreciated Daniel as a specialist and was convinced that if he had not been involved in politics, he would have made a great career in the industry.

Jus has always been a great support for Hetman and a reliable support in various, sometimes very difficult, situations. He was the first who, after Hetman's death, offered to buy his house with the goal of creating a historical and memorial museum in it. Through certain circumstances, this could not be done.

Heir to the Hetman Movement

After the death of his father ( 1945 ) and the end of World War II, Daniel actually took over the functions of the successor to the hetman movement. He was officially proclaimed by him on November 5, 1948 , after the resignation of the duties of the regent of the hetman movement by his mother Alexandra Skoropadskaya, who shortly before that had celebrated her 70th birthday. On this occasion, Hetman arrived in Germany on October 25, 1948 . In Oberstdorf, he met his mother and sisters, whom he had not seen for almost 10 years, and visited his father's grave.

Taking on the rights and duties of the head of the hetman movement, Daniel addressed the Ukrainians with the following speech:

“I declare firmly and solemnly, fulfilling the testament of my late father, Hetman of all Ukraine Pavel, I will continue the hetman’s work begun by him. As well as he, always and until the end of my life serve the higher national-state aspirations of the Ukrainian people and their liberation cause. ... I pray to the Lord God to hold me together in spiritual and physical strength for the successful continuation and completion of the work begun for the good and greatness of Ukraine. I pray the Lord God that I will give all Ukrainians inner faith, unity and strength, that I will sanctify the struggle of the Ukrainian people for their legitimate rights and give them final victory. ” ^[20]

Visit to Germany

During his visit to Germany, Daniil Skoropadsky visited Ukrainian camps near Munich , the Ukrainian Free University , the Ukrainian Free Academy of Sciences , held meetings with well-known Ukrainian figures, including Stepan Bandera . In his speeches, Getman again and again called on Ukrainians for unity, complete political consolidation. ^[21] However, this period was characterized by an aggravation of relations between various political circles of the Ukrainian emigration, primarily between representatives of the Hetman and UNR directions. In fact, their relationship reflected the state of affairs that was created in the Ukrainian national camp during the liberation competitions of 1917-1920.

Confrontation with UNRada

In July 1948, the leaders of the UPR in exile created the Ukrainian National Council , which was proclaimed the only representative body of the Ukrainian movement in the diaspora. In this regard, the Union of Statemen Hetmanites, which was not represented in the Rada, issued a statement in which he clearly expressed the position of the Hetmans regarding the role that the UNRada should play as a truly representative body of the entire Ukrainian public in a foreign land. The Getmans noted that the concept of the UNR is not shared by all Ukrainians, and for the UNRad to have the status of a national political center, it should not be limited to narrowly socialist interests, but should be based on the principles of all-Ukraine, uniting all political and social emigration groups around itself.

In contrast to the UNR people, the Hetman offered their structure to the UNRada so that it presented all four state-liberation concepts existing at that time in the Ukrainian movement, expressed by Andrey Levitsky , Stepan Bandera , Andrey Melnik and Daniil Skoropadsky. But the call for cooperation and mutual understanding did not produce the desired results, but, on the contrary, led to an even greater confrontation between the two political camps. Evidence of this is, for example, the fact that even correspondents from the Hetman movement were not allowed into the courtroom of the II session of the UNRadi ( 1949 ).

Daniil Skoropadsky very painfully perceived strife and conflicts among the Ukrainian emigration, which significantly weakened its position. As a person before whom was the example of Western democracies , he regretted the lack of understanding of the priority of national interests over party interests.

UK Life

Returning to England , Daniel continued his active efforts to strengthen the hetman movement, in particular the creation in the territory of Great Britain of the Regional Organization of the Union of Hetman-Statesmen. Such an organization was officially registered (although it had already existed for two years) at the first constituent congress of the SHD of England, which was held in Bolton (near Manchester ) in November 1949. Daniil Skoropadsky spoke at it, who emphasized once again that the Hetman movement is an integral part of the all-Ukrainian movement and the main position of the Hetman is the consolidation of all Ukrainian political forces around the Ukrainian Council Sovereignty of the State.

Hetman's work in the English expanse was fruitful and multifaceted. He dealt with the solution of such an important issue as the creation of structures of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church in Great Britain, actively helped Ukrainian refugees to equip their lives in a foreign land, carried out great work among Ukrainian youth, collaborated with the organization of the Anti - Bolshevik Bloc of Peoples, and the like. In 1956, a 10,000-strong demonstration of Ukrainians and Poles took place in London, dedicated to the arrival of the Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev in Britain. Its participants turned to the British government with petitions to condemn the totalitarian regime in the USSR and raise the question of self-determination of the Ukrainian people. One of the organizers of this political action was Getman Daniil Skoropadsky. He was 52 years old at that time, he, as before, was striking with his energy, activity, hard work, did not like the faint of heart, tearful, criminally passive. " ^[22]

Doom

On February 23, 1957, Hetman Daniel was gone. The news of death under mysterious circumstances came as a surprise to those who knew him. A medical report stated that the cause of death was a cerebral hemorrhage, although a postmortem autopsy was not done. To organize the funeral, a public committee was created from representatives of all Ukrainian political and socio-cultural organizations operating in the UK. The funeral of Daniel Skoropadsky took place on March 2, 1957 at the London Gempstead cemetery in the presence of a large number of people.

Behind a simple oak coffin, covered with the national flag and the family coat of arms of the Skoropadsky family, there were people close to Getman ^[23] , among whom were Daniil's sisters: Maria Montresor (older sister) and Elena Ott (younger sister), as well as Galina Melnik-Kaluzhinsky - Getman's bride ^[24] . It so happened that the long-awaited marriage with this woman, who ended up in England after World War II , did not take place. How fatum is perceived is the fact that the engagement of Daniil Skoropadsky with Galina Melnik-Kaluzhinsky took place 10 days before the death of Getman, and the official announcement of their wedding should be published in the press in early March 1957.

On the tombstone of Hetman, in the London cemetery of Hempstead, the inscription is inscribed: "I create Ukraine for everyone and with everyone . "

While still a little boy, Daniil Skoropadsky was with his family in a foreign land. However, the dreams of an independent Ukraine, which he, although not for long, managed to feel and see close by, never left him. Following his father’s covenant, Daniil Skoropadsky devoted his entire future life to serving in the name of Ukraine, was an ardent patriot and firmly believed in his people.

Like his father, Pavel Skoropadsky, Daniel believed that Ukrainian statehood could only be reborn in its traditional national form. It was in the historical tradition that lay among the people that Hetman saw the pledge of the future revival of Ukraine and was sure that she as a nation of ancient culture, in the end, having won a place in the world to which it had every right. It should be noted that Daniil Skoropadsky, devoted to the hetman's idea, at the same time respected his political opponents. He never stoned those who had organized an anti- Hetman uprising against his father Pavel Skoropadsky and had been involved in the overthrow of the Ukrainian State in 1918. On the contrary, he inclined the brow to each victim that the Ukrainians brought it to the altar of the Fatherland, regardless of their political orientation. The ability to rise above the personal, without prejudice, to evaluate the events of the past in the name of the future was its essential feature. ^[25]

Despite the fact that the lack of national unity was one of the main factors in the defeat of the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917-1920. , Daniil Skoropadsky did everything possible to consolidate various Ukrainian forces in exile. Hetman considered quarreling through a form of power in independent Ukraine, when this had not happened at all, and proceeded from the fact that only the people had the right to decide this question in the future. He repeatedly emphasized that he belongs to all of Ukraine and faithfully serves a free Ukraine without regard to whether the system will be monarchical or republican. ^[26] At the same time, Daniil Skoropadsky was uncompromising and consistent with those who denied the idea of ​​sovereign Ukraine.

Hetman’s authority among the Ukrainian diaspora was extremely high, and he can undoubtedly be called one of the leaders of the Ukrainian movement in exile. It is significant that many of those who opposed the hetman Pavel Skoropadsky in 1918 later became ardent supporters of his son, Hetman Daniel. Among them was, for example, a former member of the UNR Directory Afanasy Andrievsky , who in 1954 wrote in a letter to Getman:

“... In your face I see the greatness of Ukrainian statehood and I bow my gray head to you” ^[27]

Highly praised the activities of Danila and Osip Nazaruk - one of the organizers of the hetman movement in America , a former active participant in the anti-hetman uprising.

Daniil Skoropadsky lived only 53 years. Sudden mysterious death cut short his life in the prime of life. In his farewell word on the grave of Daniel, a famous figure of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (Revolutionaries) (OUN-r), Yaroslav Stetsko said:

“The Ukrainians in Hetman have lost an outstanding personality, a true Ukrainian patriot, an independent and a cathedral, a person of high personal culture and tact, an aristocrat not only by blood, but primarily by spirit ... In his activity, he had only the main goal - Ukrainian statehood.” ^[28]

Well known and respected in the circles of Ukrainian emigration, Daniil Skoropadsky was unknown in Ukraine. Since Soviet times, this attitude of the leaders of the Ukrainian movement has been familiar, for it corresponded to the ideological norms of what is permitted or not permitted, within which the whole of Soviet society developed.

Но Гетман Даниил, еще в своих многочисленных выступлениях перед украинской общественностью, неоднократно подчеркивал:

«За будущее нашего народа я не боюсь, ибо верю в его здоровые и творческие силы. Верю, что здоровая национальная стихия … сметет с нашего тела и заразу московского большевизма , а все украинские государственники найдут путь друг к другу и, объединившись под сенью одной руководящей идеи, в творческом порыве возьмут и отстроят нашу Украину» ^[8]

В 2004 году патриотическая общественность на Украине и за ее пределами отметила столетие со дня рождения Гетмана Даниила Скоропадского. На Украине, в частности, ряд общественных организаций и государственных образовательных учреждений ^[29] провели тематические выставки и встречи, а Союз гетманцев-державников организовал научные чтения, посвященные этой дате.

Тем не менее, широкого резонанса в обществе эти события не получили. На государственном уровне фигура Гетмана остается непочтенной, а для большинства украинцев фигура Даниила Скоропадского остается неизвестной.

• Скоропадские
• Украинское Государство
• Гетманское движение
• Украинская Трудовая Наследственная Монархия
• Владимир Джус

• Последний гетман. Часть.
• Последний гетман. Part II
• Последний гетман. Part III.
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