Kete

A number of scholars identify the genus Kete with the tribe Kitya (hi-ti). This tribe was among 18 tribes subject to the Khitan , whose princes were gathered in 1120 by Eliy Dashi and then took part in a campaign against the Karakhanids ^[1] . Somewhat later, among the tribes listed on the Mubaryak Shah, the hit tribe is mentioned, which is possibly the ancestor of modern Kete ^[2] . The following mention of the genus of chum salmon is contained in the list of genera of the Younger zhuz compiled in 1748 by M. Tevkelev ^{[3] [4]} .

N. A. Aristov put forward a hypothesis about the connection of the Hiti people ( Hittites ) with the genus Kete. He also did not support the idea of ​​identifying Hiti with Khitan, voiced by D. Campbell, due to the fact that the descendants of Khitan as part of the Kazakhs are known as Ktai or Kytai, as part of the Kyrgyz as Hyt ^{[5] [6]} . G. E. Grumm-Grzhimailo believed that the chum salmon are of mixed origin - mestizo dinlins , Turks , Ugro-Finns ( Ostyaks ) and Altai ^[7] . F. Mubaryak Shah attributed them to the Turks ^{[2] [4]} .

Zh. M. Sabitov argued the point of view on the identity of the Alshins and Alchitars who lived in Mongolia until the 13th century. Initially, the Alchi-Tatars lived in the territory of modern Mongolia. After expanding the borders of the Mongol Empire , part of the Alchi-Tatars moved to the Golden Horde , where, thanks to Borachchin ( Batu's wife), emirs from the Alchi-Tatars were able to take leading positions. According to Shezhira, cited by Zh. M. Sabitov, all the Alshyn clans in the composition of the Bajula and Alimula , including the Kete, are descended from Alau from the Alshyn tribe, who lived in the XIV century. during the time of the Golden Horde Khan Dzhanibek ^[8] .

Judging by the haplogroup C2- M48, the direct male ancestor of Alshyn comes from East Asia (close to Kalmyks and Naimans of the genus Saryzhomart), but is not close to Nirun-Mongols (subclade C2-starcluster) ^[9] . Genetically, tribes of alimuly and bayul from the peoples of Central Asia are most close to the bayatians living in the aimak Uvs in northwestern Mongolia ^[10] . The main haplogroup for chum salmon is C-Y15552 (which is also general Shynsch) ^[11] .

Before the revolution of 1917, the number of the genus was 50-60 thousand people ^[12] .

Representatives of the genus Ak Kete live along the rivers Will and Kobda , as well as in the Astrakhan and Orenburg regions of the Russian Federation . Massively represented in the Uilsky district of Aktobe region, where they make up the vast majority of the population. The historical places of residence of another subgenus of Kara Kete are the lower reaches of the Syrdarya Aral , Kazalinsky , Karmakshinsky , Syrdarya districts of the Kyzylorda region , as well as the Alga district of Aktobe region .

VV Vostrov and M. S. Mukanov identified six subgenera: ak-kete, kara-kete, mamayet-tyuite, tokkozha, Bozai, tegenbolat ^[4] .

R. A. Beknazarov distinguishes twenty branches, united in three genera: ozhyry ket, kara ket and ak ket. In the composition of ozhyry kete, the following genera were allocated to them: Myrza, Baimbet, Aldiyar, Batik, Kurmankozha, Tolke; as part of Kara Kete: tompak Kete, asanas, genbakty, kulis; as a part of akete: akkoshkar, baykoshkar, shalkalkar, konyr kete, mayla kete, mother, tuyut, kalkaman, estet kete, sows kete ^{[13] [14]} .

According to the “Schedule” of I. Kazantsev, the clan of China consists of three departments: Ajray-Kitya (parts of Aidar, Almambet, Baykuchkar, Vats and Miles), Kara-Kitya (parts of Kulchur, Mambet, Tyur, Ishtyak, Ururmuk, Kinach, Karabazar ) and ak-kitya (brick, kul-yus, tumpak, arimkhuja, murza, kurchi, tulak, baimbet, kurmanhodzha, ryskul) ^{[15] [5]} .

According to Shezhira (pedigree), Baysary, Alim, Shomen were born from one of the ancestors of the Younger Zhuz - Kadirkzhi (Karakesek).

From Baysara - Bozanshar, Maylybay (he died at the hands of enemies). After Baisara’s death, Alim marries his sister-in-law Ketebike, the mother of Bozanshar. From Alim Taikozh is born. According to R. A. Beknazarov, Alim had two sons - Tegenbolat (later nicknamed Karasakal) and Toykozh. After the death of Alim, Shomen marries Ketebik. From it is born Tomenkozha.

From Bozanshar, Adamkozh, the Garden, is born. From Tykozh - Ak Kete. From Tomenkozh - Tompak, Sarah.

From Adamkozh - Kara Kete. From the Garden - Sabden.

Thus, Ketebike alternately marries three brothers and gives birth to three sons. Subsequently, the descendants that descend from these three sons call themselves descendants of Kete. Since they grew up with Shomekey, born of Shomen’s own wife, and were co-heirs, apparently, therefore they called themselves “Kete-Shomekey” ^{[13] [16] [17] [14]} .

According to R.A. Beknazarov, Ozhyray kete originated from Bozanshar, from Akim Kete from Alimula Toykozha, and from Kamenetuly Tumenkozha Tamenkozha. With the blessing of mother Ketebike, they took the name Maylybaya as a common cry. And they called "Үш taңbaly Maylybay-Kete" (Tretyamgovy Maylybay-Kete) ^{[13] [14]} .

Origin from Alau

Another version of Shezhire is described by J. M. Sabitov. The birth in the Alshyn tribal association, according to this Shezhira, comes from Alau ^[8] .

In the XIV century. the most famous alshin was Alau. Judging by historical data, he lived in the era of the Golden Horde Khan Dzhanibek . Alau participated in events related to the daughter of Janibek and Amet, the son of Isa from the Uisun clan. His son's name was Kyduar Tentek (robber, bully Kyduar) ^[8] .

According to one version of Shezhire, Kyduar had two sons, Kayyrbai (Karakesek) and Kydyrbai (Bayly) ^[8] .

Kayyrbay had three sons of Baysara (Kete), Alim, Shomen. Bozanshar (the ancestor of the Karaket and Ozhraiket clans) descends from Baisara, 6 sons Zhamanak (the ancestor of the Shekta clan), Karamashak (the ancestor of the Tortkar clan), Ulanak (the ancestor of the Karakesek clan), Aynyk and Tegenbolat (ancestors of the clan Karas) descend from Alim Clan Akkety). From Shomen three sons Shomekey and Doyt, Tumen (Tumenkozh). Shomekey - the founder of the eponymous clan. Tumenkozha is the ancestor of the Sarykete and Kulisket clans ^{[18] [8]} .

Kydyrbay had 12 sons: Kadyrsyyk (the ancestor of the Sherkesh clan), Baksyyk (the ancestor of the Ysyk clan), Sultansyyk (the ancestor of the Kyzylkurt clans, Alasha , Maskar , Tana , Baibakty ), Taz (the ancestor of the eponymous clan), Adayi ( (the ancestor of the eponymous clan), Esentemir (the ancestor of the eponymous clan), Zhappas (the ancestor of the eponymous clan), Altyn (the ancestor of the eponymous clan), Ebeyty, Nogayty, Madiyar (did not leave offspring) ^{[18] [8]} .

• Kudainazar Karpikuly is a prominent politician under Tauke Khan, Abylay Khan. Comes from the genus Kara Kete.
• Tekey batyr Karpykuly (1679-1764) - commander of the Tauke Khan, poet. Comes from the genus Kara Kete.
• Zhansen Kereev (1930-1983) - Soviet military leader. The first and only Soviet-era personnel military Kazakh who was awarded the rank of lieutenant general. It comes from the Ak Kete - Mamyt - Zhantai clan.
• Adam Mekebaev (1940-2014) - writer, publicist.
• Kete Zhusup Yeshniyazuly (1871-1937) - poet. Comes from the genus Kara Kete.
• Turmaganbet Iztleuuly (1882-1939) - poet, translator. Comes from the genus Kara Kete.
• Serniyaz Zharylgasuly (1817-1881) - poet. Comes from the genus Ak Kete.
• Azhibay bi (XVII-XVIII centuries) - a prominent representative, biy. Comes from the genus Ak Kete.
• Aral Batyr (XVII century) - commander, participant in the war against Kalmyks. Comes from the genus Ak Kete.
• Altai Batyr (XVIII century) - commander, diplomat. Comes from the genus Ak Kete.
• Rosa Baglanova (1922-2011) - Soviet opera and pop singer from Kazakhstan, People's Artist of the USSR (1967), from the Kara-Kete clan, she was adopted from the Zhagalbayli clan.
• Eleusin Sagyndykov is a former akim of Aktobe region.