President Comor

In accordance with the adopted on December 23, 2001 ( 2001-12-23 ) year in a referendum in the constitution, the president was elected for a five-year term by popular vote. At the same time, the representatives of the three autonomous islands of the Union - Ngaziji , Nzuani and Mwali - were to be elected presidents in turn, which excluded the possibility of re-election of the incumbent head of state for a second term. To comply with this rule, the first round of the presidential election was held only on one of these three islands in turn, and only residents of this island could be candidates and voters. Then the three candidates who received the largest percentage of votes in these elections went to the second round of elections, which was already held by a nationwide vote. A simple majority of the votes was enough to win it.

On July 30, 2018 ( 2018-07-30 ) , a new constitutional referendum initiated by A. Assumani was held in Comoros . The essence of the changes proposed by A. Assumani (and approved by 92.74% of voters ^[1] ) was to abolish the rule of alternating the right to elect the president, to extend his term of office to 5 years, and to establish the right to once re-election. It was established that the president is elected by popular vote, while if in the first round no candidate receives the support of more than half of the voters, a second round is held with two candidates (who won the most votes in the first round), where it is enough to win a larger number of votes to win than an opponent. On March 24, 2019 ( 2019-03-24 ) , A. Assumani was re-elected for a new term in the first round.

Until 2011, the president, after taking office, appointed two vice presidents representing the other two islands of the Union. Since 2011, three vice presidents have been appointed to represent all three islands, and after the reform of 2018, the posts of vice presidents were abolished.

Using the results of the referendum on independence held on December 22, 1974 ( 1974-12-22 ) , in which the population of three of the four islands of the archipelago spoke in favor of independence from France, the General Council of the Territory on July 6, 1975 ( 1975-07-06 ) unilaterally proclaimed the independence of the Republic of Comoros . In the process of forming state bodies, the name Comorian State fr. État comorien , under which the country was admitted to the UN on November 12, 1975 ( 1975-11-12 ) . France recognized the independence of only the islands of Grand Comor ( Ngazija ), Anjouan ( Nzuani ) and Moheli ( Mwali ), retaining control of the island of Mayotte (currently it has the status of the overseas region of France ).

After independence, the territorial government council was abolished, its president Ahmed Abdullah was proclaimed head of state ( Fr. Chef de l'État comorien ). On August 3, 1975 ( 1975-08-03 ) , as a result of a bloodless military coup, Ali Sualich came to power, who began to pursue a policy of "national socialism", which included the nationalization of the land and property of the French colonists and the struggle to reduce the influence of Islam: the abolition of Sharia , restriction Muslim clergy rights, dissolution of Islamic parties. Initially, the head of the revolutionary authorities (the National Council of the Revolution, Fr. Conseil national de la Révolution , the National Executive Council, Fr. Conseil national exécutif ) was Ali Sualikha's associate Said Mohamed Jafar who soon transferred him the powers of the head of state. On April 23, 1977 ( 1977-04-23 ) the first constitution of the country was adopted, and on October 28, 1977 ( 1977-10-28 ) , a referendum was held who granted Ali Sualih the powers of the president.

On May 13, 1978 ( 1978-05-13 ) , as a result of a new military coup, the entourage of Ahmed Abdullah returned to power, who, after returning from French emigration, proclaimed the Federal Islamic Republic of Comoros .

After Ahmed Abdullah returned to power as a result of a military coup organized by Robert Denard on May 23, 1978 ( 1978-05-23 ) , on October 3, 1978 ( 1978-10-03 ) , a new constitution was adopted proclaiming the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros ( fr. République fédérale islamique des Comores ). In February 1982, President Ahmed Abdullah dissolved all political parties and created a single Comorian Union for the progress of having formed a one-party political system. On November 26, 1989 ( 1989-11-26 ) , he was killed during the next military coup that brought to power Said Mohammed Johar , half-brother of Ali Sualich , who was curtailed in 1978. After the suppression during the operation "Azalea" carried out with the participation of the French military units , the next coup organized on September 29, 1995 ( 1995-09-29 ) by mercenaries led by Robert Denard , and the end of the transition period, Mohamed Taki Abdulkarim became the new president, initiating a referendum on the adoption of a new constitution that approved a multi-party system. After his death in 1998, Tajidin bin Saeed Massund became interim president .

On August 3, 1997 ( 1997-08-03 ) , Ndzuani Island announced its withdrawal from the federation; on August 11, 1997 ( 1997-08-11 ) , the island of Mwali followed suit. In conditions when the central government could not prevent separatism , on April 30, 1999 ( 1999-04-30 ) , a military coup took place under the leadership of Colonel Azali Assumani . On May 6, 1999 ( 1999-05-06 ) , on the basis of the provisional constitution introduced by him, he proclaimed himself president of the State Committee (head of state). December 23, 2001 ( 2001-12-23 ) , in a referendum a new constitution was adopted, proclaiming the country the Union of Comoros with the broad autonomy of each of them.

State of Anjouan (1997-2001)

On August 3, 1997 ( 1997-08-03 ) , the island of Ndzuani announced the secession from the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros and the proclamation of the independent State of Anjouan ( French État d'Anjouan ) ^[15] with the aim of subsequent reunification with France . The power on the island passed to the triumvirate of Abdullah Ibrahim (proclaimed president), Said Abaid Abdereman (who became the national coordinator) and Colonel Mohamed Bakar . After France refused to join the island in a referendum held on October 26, 1997 ( 1997-10-26 ) , the decision on independence was approved.

On August 1, 1999 ( 1999-08-01 ) , Abdullah Ibrahim resigned and handed over his authority to the national coordinator Said Abaid Abdereman, who was proclaimed head of state on August 22, 1999 ( 1999-08-22 ) . On August 9, 2001 ( 2001-08-09 ) , he was overthrown as a result of a military coup; on August 25, 2001 ( 2001-08-25 ) , Colonel Mohamed Bokar was appointed head of state. On December 23, 2001 ( 2001-12-23 ), after difficult negotiations on the restoration of the federation, the Union of Comoros was proclaimed, in which the island received significant autonomy .

Democratic Republic of Mwali (1997-1998)

On August 11, 1997 ( 1997-08-11 ) , the island of Mwali announced the secession from the Federal Islamic Republic of Comoros and the proclamation of the independent Democratic Republic of Mwali ( fr. République démocratique de Mwali ). Said Mohamed Suef became its president, and Soidri Ahmed became prime minister.

In 1998, after negotiations with the federal government, the island was reunited with the federation.

In accordance with the adopted on December 23, 2001 ( 2001-12-23 ) year in a referendum the constitution was called the Union of the Comoros ( com. Udzima wa Komori , French Union des Comores , Arabic. الاتحاد القمري ). Three islands constituting the union gained wide autonomy; an alternation of the right to elect the country's president from among the candidates alternately represented by each of the islands was established.

Colonel Azali Assumani on January 21, 2002 ( 2002-01-21 ) resigned from the post of President of the State Committee and left military service with the aim of participating in the presidential election as a candidate from Ngazija Island. After Presidents Ahmed Abdullah Sambi , representing the island of Ndzuani , and Ikilila Duanin , representing the island of Mwali , he again became president of the Union.

In the spring of 2002, each of the three islands adopted its own constitution, after which the presidential elections of the autonomous islands were held. According to the result of the referendum of 2009 The names of these posts were changed to the Governor .

On July 30, 2018 ( 2018-07-30 ) , a new constitutional referendum initiated by A. Assumani was held in the Comoros. The essence of the changes proposed by A. Assumani (and approved by 92.74% of voters ^[16] ) was to abolish the rule of alternating the right to elect the president, to extend his term of office to 5 years and to establish the right to once re-election. On March 24, 2019 ( 2019-03-24 ) , A. Assumani was re-elected for a new term.

Nzuani (after 2001)

On December 23, 2001 ( 2001-12-23 ), after complex negotiations on the restoration of the federation, the Union of Comoros was proclaimed, in which Nzuani island received significant autonomy , which received constitutional form after the adoption on March 10, 2002 ( 2002-03-10 ) of the year in a referendum on its constitution according to which in 2002-2009 the president of the autonomous island was elected, and after the changes introduced in 2009, his governor.

April 14, 2002 ( 2002-04-14 ) , Mohamed Bakar took office as president of the island; after he refused to resign after a 5-year term, on April 26, 2007 ( 2007-04-26 ) , the country's federal constitutional court declared the post vacant. After 2 days, President of the Union of Comoros, Ahmed Abdullah Mohamed Sambi, with the support of the African Union, appointed an interim president of autonomy. Despite opposition from the federal authorities, Mohamed Bakar organized new presidential elections on the island on June 10, 2007 ( 2007-06-10 ) , and after winning them on June 14, 2007 ( 2007-06-14 ) he took office as president and refused to obey the federal authorities trying to hold “official” elections under the control of African Union forces. On March 26, 2008 ( 2008-03-26 ) , the African Union landing party landed on the island , Mohamed Bakar fled to Mayotte .

On July 7, 2008 ( 2008-07-07 ) , Mussa Toybu elected under the supervision of international observers, assumed office of the island's president .

Mwali (after 2002)

The autonomous island of Mwali received constitutional status after the adoption of its constitution on March 10, 2002 ( 2002-03-10 ) , in accordance with which the president of the autonomous island was elected in 2002-2009, and after its amendments in 2009, its governor.

Ngazija (after 2002)

The autonomous island of Ngazija received constitutional status after the adoption of its constitution on referendum on April 7, 2002 ( 2002-04-07 ) , according to which the president of the autonomous island was elected in 2002-2009, and after its amendments in 2009, its governor.

• Prime Minister Comor