Armata (from the Latin. Arma - weapons [1] ) - one of the first names of artillery guns that appeared in Russia in the second half of the XIV century. The term itself was transferred to Rus from Poland [2] .
First Mentions
For the first time, the Armata is mentioned in the so-called “Golitsyn Chronicle”, written by semi-joint under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (reigned 1645–1676). It states that [3]
| Summer 6897 [1389] took German out of German army to Russia and firing fire, and from that hour enlightened one of them.- Golitsyn Chronicle |
Under the same year (6897) in the "Tver Chronicle" it is mentioned: "The German made the same summer of the same summer" [4] .
Feature
The trunk of Armat consisted of rolled-up forged iron sheets. Their seams were brewed, and the trunk itself was fastened with iron hoops and installed in a wooden deck ( machine ) [5] [6] [7] .
Initially, as reported by the Voskresenskaya Chronicle, they shot at the stone cores of the weight “... like four men and strong lifting . ” Presumably, their diameter was about 40 centimeters, and the weight was at least 10 pounds (≈164 kg). Also, the chronicle reports that they threw them at the "one and a half shot . " Taking into account the fact that the term “shooting” means the flight of an arrow, the range of the armature had 200―250 meters [8] .
First in Russia
A number of researchers [9] [10] , as well as encyclopedic publications [2] [6] [11], traditionally indicated that the armaty brought in 1389 were the first artillery pieces in Russia. Under the same year, the beginning of the "fiery battle" in Russia was also noted. However, it is reliably known that the first artillery guns ( mattresses ) were brought to Moscow from the Bulgar in 1376 , as a result of the Russian raid campaign against the Volga Bulgars , and in 1382 they were effectively used in defending Moscow from the troops of Khan Tokhtamysh [12] .
The Military Encyclopedic Dictionary ( BDT ) of guns, which defended Moscow in 1382, called armatures [7] .
Notes
- ↑ Armata // Dictionary of foreign words that are part of the Russian language / Comp. by ed. A. N. Chudinova . - Ed. V.I. Gubinsky . - SPb. Type WITH .H. Khudekova , 1894. - p. 115.
- ↑ 1 2 Armata // Aral Flotilla - Athos battle. - SPb. ; [ M. ]: Type. t-va I. D. Sytin , 1911. - p. 34. - ( Military encyclopedia : [in 18 t.] / ed. by VF Novitsky [and others ]; 1911–1915, vol. 3).
- ↑ Karamzin N.M. The History of the Russian State : in 12 volumes. - 2nd ed. - SPb. Type N. Grech , 1819. - Vol. 5. - p. 76-77, note 136.
- ↑ Chronicle collection, called Tver Chronicle // PSRL / Ed. A. F. Bychkova . - SPb. Type Leonid Demis, 1863. - T. 15. - p. 444.
- ↑ Armata // Angola - Barzas. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1970. - ( Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 tons.] / Ch. Ed. AM Prokhorov ; 1969-1978, vol. 2).
- ↑ 1 2 Armata // A - Bureau of Military Commissars / [sub total. ed. A. A. Grechko ]. - Moscow : Military Publishing House of the USSR Defense Ministry , 1976. - P. 238. - ( Soviet Military Encyclopedia : [in 8 tons.]; 1976-1980, vol. 1).
- ↑ 1 2 Armata // Military Encyclopedic Dictionary: [WEC]: in 2 t. / Editorial: A. P. Gorkin [and others]; Inst . Military. the history of the Russian Defense Ministry . - M .: BDT : RIPOL Classic , 2001. - T. 1. - p. 83. - 847 p. : il. - (Encyclopedic dictionaries). - ISBN 5-85270-219-6 . - ISBN 5-7905-0994-0 . - ISBN 5-7905-0995-9 (v. 1).
- ↑ Boltin E. A. The First Russian Artillerymen // Artillerymen: Collection of articles and stories. - M .: Young Guard , 1939. - P. 5-10.
- ↑ Khmyrov M. D. Artillery and Gunners in Pre-Peter the Great Russia // Artillery Journal . - SPb. : GAU , 1865. - № 9 .
- Н. Brandenburg N.Ye. 500th anniversary of Russian artillery (1389-1889): Historical reference. - SPb. Type Artillery magazine, 1889.
- ↑ Boguslavsky V.V. Armata // Slavic encyclopedia. - OLMA Media Group, 2001. - V. 1. - p. 46. - ISBN 978-5-224-02250-2 .
- ↑ Mavrodin V. V. On the appearance of firearms in Russia // Bulletin of the Leningrad University / Ed. ed. prof. A. A. Voznesensky . - L .: Ed. LHOLU , 1946. - № 3 . - p . 66-76 .