Kadyrov, Shokhrat Hodzhakovich

Born into an intelligent Turkmen family. Mother - Amantach Makhtumova-Kadyrova (1922–1981) volunteered for the front, after the war she graduated from the Higher Party School of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) in Moscow. Father - Hodzhak Kadyrov (1918-1999) - a veteran of the Great Patriotic War, he taught at the Turkmen State University. A. M. Gorky , was chairman of the DOSAAF TSSR, retired colonel.

In 1977, Sh. Kh. Kadyrov graduated from the history department of the TSU. A. M. Gorky. On the advice of his ethnographer teacher, Ph.D. MB Durdyev engaged in ethno-demography , participated in archaeological and ethnographic expeditions under the leadership of leading Russian scientists (Dr. I. Ya. R. Vinnikova , Dr. V. M. Masson , etc.). In 1974 he became a student of the All-Union Student Conference in Kazan , and in 1976 received a diploma for the best scientific report at the All-Union Ethnographic Student Conference "Questions of Ethnography" at Moscow State University ( Soviet Ethnography . No. 2, 1977. p. 136-138).

In 1976, as a student, he worked as a senior researcher at the State Archive of the TSSR. In 1977–1980, he studied in the graduate school of the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Turkmen SSR and was seconded to the Institute of Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR , where he was appointed Doctor of History. V.I. Kozlov . In 1980-1991 he worked in the Department of Philosophy and Law at the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the Turkmen SSR.

In 1984 he defended his thesis "Demographic changes in Turkmenistan in 1880-1980: historical and demographic research." In 1985 he graduated from the special department "Demography" at the Faculty of Economics of Moscow State University. Lomonosov .

In the late 1980s he led a group in the sector of sociological and socio-psychological research of the OFPs of the Academy of Sciences of the TSSR. In collaboration with leading Moscow demographers A. I. Antonov , A. A. Avdeev, V. M. Medkov and TSSR medical scientists organized the first USSR research planning center in the extended family under the TSSR Ministry of Health in Ashgabat and was appointed supervisor Center.

For ten years of work in the Academy of Sciences of the TSSR, he has published several dozen articles in scientific journals. His first books, published in a mass circulation of 30,000 copies: “The Ashgabat Disaster” and “World Turkmen” (in collaboration with M. Durdyev), spread around the world and became a bibliographic rarity. In the Ashgabat catastrophe, the erroneousness of the overestimated numbers of victims of the earthquake on October 6, 1948 was scientifically proven. For the first time in Turkmenistan, the authors described the Turkmen diaspora in various countries and regions of the planet.

On the basis of sociological surveys and archival sources, he made an important discovery in ethno-demography: he singled out a transitional family type — a nominally traditional large family with a specific complex — a sign of reproductive behavior. His research gained fame abroad, in April 1989, he was invited by the University of London to the International Conference on the problems of theoretical ethnography, in the spring of 1989 also traveled by invitation to the International Conference of Demographers in Prague, and in September 1989 he participated in the International Congress of Demographers in New Delhi (India).

He was engaged in social activities, in the early 1990s he spoke in the media against pseudoscientific campaigns in the demographic policy and totalitarian ideology, for improving the position of Turkmen women, among whom an increase in self-immolation occurred in those years. In April 1991, he established the Pajhas Club (Mind), where young scientists of the Academy of Sciences of the TSSR and journalists held free discussions on the history and political development of the country, and demanded democratic freedoms.

In October 1991, despite obstacles from the leadership of Turkmenistan, he participated in the World Demographic Congress in Paris, made a series of programs about Turkmenistan on Radio Liberty / Free Europe in Munich. He was outraged by the leadership of the Academy of Sciences of the Turkmen SSR and was dismissed from his work to return to Ashkhabad with freethinking and convinced uncompromising. In 1992-1993, in Ashgabat, he collaborated with the independent agency Postfactum, with the Moscow News newspaper.

In 1993, he secretly left Ashgabat due to repression and the threat of arrest. In Moscow, in spite of domestic disorder, he continued to work hard: he collected materials in archives, worked on a project at the Ministry of Nationalities of the Russian Federation, collaborated with the Panorama group, the Institute for Humanitarian and Political Problems, the Utro Rossii newspaper, the Fund of Turkmenistan A. O. Kuliev). He published the unique popular science almanac "Turkmen" (1995-2000) - where he acted as the main, sometimes the only author, editor and designer.

In the spring of 1996, he received political asylum in Norway through Amnesty International , as a citizen of Turkmenistan persecuted for his political views. He worked as a research officer for Turkmenistan, first in the Regional Development Department of Hardaland Country Council, Norway, and since 2005, in the Norwegian Institute of International Relations, he did not break ties with Russia. In the fundamental work published in Norway , the Russian-Turkmen Historical Dictionary (T. 1), based on archival sources, gathered together extensive information about many and many historical events and people, political figures who played a significant role in the fate of Turkmen and Turkmen statehood. He touched upon the problems of ethnogenesis and ethnic history of Turkmen in the Dictionary.

In 2004 he defended his doctoral thesis "The Formation and Development of the Ethnopolitical Organization among the Turkmen" at the Institute of African Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow). In the monograph “Nation of Tribes” which served as the basis for his doctoral dissertation, he developed the problems of tribal hegemony and federalization, the formation and replacement of Turkmen elites in different historical periods, the role of Russia in the modernization of Turkmenistan, and created the theory of “Euro-Turkmenism.

Since 2005, he has engaged in the collection, study and processing of archival sources and photographic materials on Turkmen ethnography, on the basis of which he prepared several monographs ("Many Faces of Turkmenchilik", "Goddess of Turkmen Ethnography", etc.). He organized and conducted ethnographic photo exhibitions “Turkmen in the 20th century” at Uppsala University (2009), as well as with the participation of Ph.D. O. I. Brusina - in Moscow (Russian-Turkmen House, 2011) and in 2011 in Amsterdam at the International Conference “Towards a Social History of Turkmenistan, 1860–1960: Research Trends in Ethnography and History”.

In 2009, he published the innovative book “Elite Clans. Strokes to portraits ”, where he researched the functioning of elite clans in state systems of the past and present, their social nature, formation, development and demographic behavior - using examples from the sister structures of Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Georgia, Abkhazia, and also for comparison - Norway and others European countries. He proved that elite clans are built not only, and sometimes not so much on the principle of kinship, but in many respects - on the principle of patron-client relations.

Since 2009 - Leading Researcher, Institute of Oriental Studies, RAS. From 2009 to 2016, he prepared and published 8 books and monographs. The most large-scale work is the large-format color ethnographic album Turkmen Turkmen (2012. - 338 p., 300 fig., 2nd ed. 456 p., 350 fig.) Which is the first richly illustrated popular science in Russian historiography. publication on the history and ethno-cultural development of the Turkmen, prepared on the basis of unique ethnographic photographic and written materials collected by researchers of Central Asia for over a hundred years and became the golden fund of Russian science.

Since 2012, he began to develop problems related to the theory of ethnos. He gave a fundamentally new definition to the concept of “ethnos”, proposed a new paradigm-matrix approach, which allows revealing the essential characteristics of a number of basic concepts of ethnology and understanding the mechanisms of ethnic development. He presented the conflict of ethnological concepts and scientific fields as a clash of different paradigms, that is, different systems of value orientations of researchers (“Ethnos and Ethnic Groups”, “The Matrix of Ethnology”, “Oath on Blood”).

In 2015, he published Volume II of the Russian-Turkmen Historical Dictionary. Based on the Chronicle (over 2300 events and facts over the past 13 years after I’s release), he developed a new method of historical research: a statistical assessment of the dynamics of events and showed that the event index reflects the political situation in the country and the activities of its president.

Member of the European Association for Demographic Research (Liege, Belgium).

Member of the United Nations Scientific Union Study Society, member of the Writers' Union of Norway, honorary member of the Russian PEN Club .

Suddenly died on December 5, 2016 ^[1]

Scientific monographs, encyclopedic publications

• Demographic changes in Turkmenistan in 1880-1980. Historical and demographic study. Abstract of Diss. for the degree of candidate ist. Sciences: Ashgabat, 1984.
• Population of Turkmenistan: history and modernity. (Questions and results of the study). Ashgabat: Ylym, 1986. - 125 p.
• Family planning and national traditions. Ed. ed. A.I. Antonov, Sh. Kh. Kadyrov, G. B. Tsuladze. M .: 1988. - 283 p.
• Ashgabat disaster. (Historical - demographic sketch of the largest earthquake of the 20th century). Ashgabat: Turkmenistan, 1990. - 63 pp., Ill.
• Turkmen world. (Historical and demographic study). Ashgabat: Kharp, 1991. - 54 p. (Co-authored with M. Durdyev)
• Du̇nĭădăki Tu̇rkmenler: tarykhy-demografik syn. Ashgabat: Kharp, 1991. - 63 p. (Co-authored with Durdyev M.)
• Turkmenistan: Four years without the USSR. Moscow: Panorama, 1996. - 146 p.
• Turkmenistan in the 20th century. Bergen: Bodoni Hus, 1998. - 286 p.
• Russian-Turkmen Historical Dictionary. In two volumes. Vol. 1. Bergen: Bodoni Hus, 2001. - 456 s .; T. 2. Institute of Oriental Studies, RAS. M., 2015. - 456 p. Tab. Fig. Applications.
• "Nation" tribes. Ethnic origins, transformation and prospects of statehood in Turkmenistan. Moscow: Center for Civilization and Regional Studies, IA RAS, 2003. - 362 p.
• Formation and development of ethnopolitical organization in Turkmen. Abstract of Diss. for the degree of doctor ist. Sciences: 07.00.07. M .: IA RAS. 2004.
• Russian illustrated dictionary of the life of Turkmen peoples in the 20th century. M., 2008. - 176 p., Ill.
• Elite clans. Strokes to the portraits. M., 2009. - 272 pp., Ill., Schemes, tab.
• Secrets of the Turkmen demography: problems, gaps, falsifications. M .: IVES RAS, 2009. - 333 p., Table.
• Many-sided Turkmen: Ethnographic essays, concepts and terms. M .: IO RAS, 2010. - 304 p., Ill., Maps., Table.
• The goddess of Turkmen ethnography. M .: IFECAS, 2012. - 255 p., Ill.
• Turkmen Nama. Historical and ethnographic album. Who are the Turkmen. Uppsala-Moscow: IFECAS, Ed. The first. 2012. - 338 p., 300 plots., Bibl .; Ed. The second. 2013. - 453 p., 350 ill., Bibl.
• Ethnicity and ethnic groups. Manifesto of ethnologists. M .: IFECAS, 2012. - 42 p. (Project leader, in collaboration with: Brusina O., Perepelkina L., Scarborough I., Bobokhonov R.)
• Ethnicity and ethnic groups. Essays on theory and methodology. M .: IFECAS, 2012. - 52 p., Bibl. (Project manager, in collaboration with: Brusina O., Perepelkin L., Kazankov A., Scarborough I.)
• The matrix of ethnology. M .: IFECAS, 2013. - 112 p. (Project manager, in collaboration with: Brusina O., Perepelkin L., Kazankov A., Scarboro I., Bobokhonov R., Avdeev A.).
• Oath on the "blood". Ethnology of nationalization. M., IFECAS. 2016—186 pp., Bibl., Tab.

Science articles

• Historical and demographic analysis of diseases in the past of Turkmenistan (late XIX - early XX centuries) // News of the Academy of Sciences of the Turkmen SSR, a series of social sciences (hereafter: Izv. AN TSSR, dream), 1979. No. 2. P. 78-80.
• From the history of natural reproduction of the population in Turkmenistan // Izv. AN TSSR, dream, No. 5, 1981. p. 24-28.
• New trends in demographic development in Ashgabat (results of sociological research "Ashgabat-81"). // Izv. AN TSSR, sleep. No. 6, 1981. pp. 70-73.
• Ethno-demographic development of the Turkmen people on the territory of the Russian Empire. // Izv. AN TSSR, sleep. № 3. 1982. S. 24-31.
• On the employment of Turkmen women in industry // Izv. AN TSSR, sleep. No. 5. 1982. S. 49-55. (In collaboration with Kubasova E.)
• Fertility in the Turkmen family: the results of the pilot survey // Family details: yesterday, today, tomorrow. Sat Art. Edited .: L. L. Rybakovsky et al. M .: Thought, 1986. p. 117-131.
• Demographic policy in the regions of large families: goals, objectives, main features // Proceedings of the Third All-Union Scientific Seminar "Methodology for the development of long-term regional programs of population development." Yoshkar-Ola: Mari Research Institute, 1987. (Co-authored with: Avdeev A. A., Medkov V. M.)
• Family, reproductive behavior, demographic policy // We and our plans. M .: Science, 1987. (In collaboration with Medkov V.M.)
• From the history of social and demographic surveys of traditional reproductive behavior in Turkmenistan and its neighboring regions // Izv. AN TSSR, sleep. No. 4. 1988, p. 21-35.
• Some factors of formation, conservation and transformation of modern large families // Fertility: sociological and demographic aspects. M., 1988. pp. 127-139. (In collaboration with Kubasova E.M.)
• On some aspects of social well-being of Turkmen women // Izv. AN TSSR, sleep. № 4. 1989. S. 90-92.
• Some questions of the demography of Turkmenistan // News of the Academy of Sciences of the TSSR, dream. No. 1 (Discussions and discussions). 1989. pp. 21-26. (In collaboration with V. Radzinsky.)
• In defense of traditions // USSR: a demographic diagnosis. M .: Progress, 1990.
• Some remarks on the issue of the social status of the Russian population in Turkmenistan // Russia and the East: problems of interaction. Part 2. M.:, IV RAS, 1993.
• The institute of presidency in a clan post-colonial society // Eurasia. People and myths. (Collection of articles from the journal "Acta Eurasia"). M .: Natalis, 2003. p. 337-364.
• Ethnocultural and demographic indicators of political development in Turkmenistan // Asia and Africa today . Number 11, 2003. pp. 29-34.
• Ethnic origins, evolution and prospects of statehood in Turkmenistan // East . Number 5, 2003. pp. 110-124.
• Political technologies in the Soviet and post-Soviet Central Asia // Herald of Eurasia. No. 4 (30). 2005. 202-235.
• The use of political technologies in the Soviet and post-Soviet Central Asia (on the example of Turkmenistan). // Russia and the Muslim world. 2006. N 6 (168).
• “Good” authoritarianism and “bad” democracy // Asia and Africa today. Number 7, 2006. pp. 45-47.
• Some questions of the theory and practice of federalization in the south of the former USSR // Models of stability in the Black Sea-Caucasus region. * * Materials of the International Scientific and Practical Conference. M. 2006. p. 137-139.
• Conference "Models of stability in the Black Sea-Caucasus region" (reporter's report) // Eurasia Herald. No. 3, 2006. P.163-171.
• Turkmenistan Palace coup? // Asia and Africa today. Number 4, 2007. pp. 41-45.
• Review of: V.V. Evseev. Military-political aspects of the Iranian nuclear problem // East. Number 6, 2013.
• Review of: “Kaukaz: transformacja, przywodstwa I elit politycznych. T. vi. Kaukaz: mechanizmy legitymizacji I funkcjonowania elit politycznych. T.VII. (“The Caucasus: Transformation and Reproduction of Political Elites. T. 6; The Caucasus: Mechanisms of Legitimation and the Functioning of Political Elites, T.7”) Under the scientific editorship of Professor Tadeusz Bodio. Warsaw, 2014. Series “Power, elite, production”. // East. 2014. V. 5. P. 204-210. (Co-authored with: Brusina O., Scarborough A.).
• Ethnography and ethnology: a change of paradigms // Historical psychology and sociology of history. № 1. 2016. p. 157-173. (In collaboration with O. I. Brusinoy)
• Turkmen people and Russian state: yesterday, today, tomorrow // Orenburg governor V. A. Perovsky and integration of the Turkic peoples into the Russian state. Materials of the All-Russian Scientific Conference. Moscow, IW RAS, April 29, 2015 - Moscow, IW RAS, 2016. P.114-116.
• Demographic Development in the Central Asian Region of the USSR // Acta Universitatis Carolinae. Geographica. Vol. Xxv. No. 2, 1990. P. 37-49.
• Some Central Asian Survey, 1993. Vol. 12, no. 3. P. 393-400.
• Questions about the Ethno-Political History of the Turkmen // ORTAASYA JEOPOLİTİĞİ VE BÖLGESEL GÜÇLER. The International Congress in Istanbul. September, 18-21th, 2006.
• Turkmenistan: The Political Elite in the Ethnic Society // Oil, Transition and Security in Central Asia. Edited by Sally N. Cummings. Routledge Curzon Taylor and Francis Group London and New York, 2003. P. 108—118.

Popular science and periodicals

• Actual problems of family planning in regions of high fertility. Ashgabat: The Knowledge Society of the TSSR, 1989.
• Muslim scholars and theologians about family planning. Ashgabat: The Knowledge Society of the TSSR, 1990.
• Health of a large family. Ashkhabad: Turkmenistan, 1990. (In collaboration with Radzinsky V., Antonov A.).
• Population of world regions: reality and forecasts. Ashgabat: Society "Knowledge" of the TSSR, 1991.
• Turkmen Almanac. March-June, Moscow, 1995. 193 p. (Sh. Kadyrov - author and responsible. Editor).
• Turkmen Almanac. January-February, Moscow, 1995. 141 p. (Sh. Kadyrov - author and responsible. Editor).
• Turkmen Magazine. Moscow 1995-2000. (Sh. Kadyrov - author and responsible. Editor).
• Discover Turkmenistan! Turkmenbashi, 1997. - 62 p.
• Turkmenerne. Bergen: IFECAS, 1998. - 50 p. (in Norwegian.).

Media publications

• Muslim revolution in family planning // Communist of Tajikistan. Dushanbe. № 11. 1990. p. 73-74.
• What is the "bash" // Erkin Turkmenistan (Free Turkmenistan). Information and analytical newsletter. № 2. 2000. p. 33-36.
• About what should go: Reflections, inspired by the article by F. Ilyasov “Who can come to power in Turkmenistan” // Erkin Turkmenistan (Free Turkmenistan). Information and analytical newsletter. № 7, 2001
• Ordinary bashism // Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 10.06.2002.
• Dominance without hegemony // Co-communication Expert. No. 25, 2003. p. 18-25
• Authoritarianism as a manifestation of the weakness of the regime // Nezavisimaya Gazeta, January 13, 2003.
• Turkmenbashi miscalculated // Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 04.22.2003. (In collaboration with V. V. Panfilova).
• Turkmenia is dying out // Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 23.05.2003. (In collaboration with V. V. Panfilova).
• Turkmenbashi is afraid of a military coup // Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 28.05.2003. (In collaboration with V. V. Panfilova).
• The Legacy of Turkmenbashi // Nezavisimaya Gazeta. 05.02.2007.
• Turkmenistan is changing the Constitution // Nezavisimaya Gazeta. September 15, 2008
• Basmachi and Ashgabat foreign policy // Nezavisimaya Gazeta. 05.10.2009.
• Turkmenistan Between the day before yesterday and the day after tomorrow / S. Kadyrov; talked V. Panfilova // Echo of the planet. - 2010. - N 37. - p. 18-21, ill.
• Scandinavians vote for radicals // Echo of the planet. Number 31, 2011. p. 5-7.
• Where a neutral Turkmenistan drifts // Nezavisimaya Gazeta. 09/01/2014.
• The Turkic world of the Syrian war // Independent newspaper. 03/01/2016.
• Turkmenistan is preparing to legally perpetuate the institution of authoritarianism. The next constitutional reform is the path to the lifelong presidency of Berdymukhamedov . // Independent newspaper. March 14, 2016. (NG-Diplomat Courier number 4 (257). С.11.

• Kadyrov Shohrat Hodzhakovich. Scientific biography. Short essay. To the 60th anniversary of the birth. (Compiled and ed. O. I. Brusin). M., IFECAS, 2014.
• Safronov R. Book review: Sh. Kadyrov. The Russian-Turkmen Historical Dictionary. Bergen, 2001 // Central Asian Survey. 21 (4), 2002. p. 435-437.
• Pankin B. Review: Sh. Kadyrov. Russian-Turkmen Historical Dictionary. T.1. Bergen, 2001 // Time MN. No. 5 (857). 01.19.2002.
• Kazankov A. Review of: S. Kadyrov. Russian-Turkmen Historical Dictionary. T.1. Bergen, 2001 // East. № 2. 2003. p. 207.
• Usmanov L. Bergen opens Turkmenistan. Review of: S. Kadyrov. Russian-Turkmen Historical Dictionary. T. I. // Bulletin of Eurasia. № 4. 2002.
• Brusin O. I., Vasilyeva G.P. Retz. on the book: Sh. Kadyrov. Russian-Turkmen Historical Dictionary. T.1. Bergen, 2001 // Ethnographic Review. No. 4. 2003. P.166-168.
• L. D. Usmanov. Central Asian Caravan (analytical sketches after reading S. Kadyrov's book "Russian-Turkmen Historical Dictionary") // Ethnographic Review. No. 4. 2003. P.168-172.
• Perepelkin L.S. Turkmen, their history and ethnography. Review of the book by S. Kadyrov “Turkmen-nama. Historical and Ethnographic Album ”(Uppsala-Moscow, IFECAS, 2012, 339 p.) // Asia and Africa today. № 3. 2014.
• Niyazi A. Sh., Perepelkin L. S. Sh. Kh. Kadyrov. Turkmen Nama. Historical and Ethnographic Album; Sh. Kh. Kadyrov. Turkmen Nama. Who are the Turkmen. // East. № 5. 2015.

• The highest court is the Court of History and this is the advantage of the historian who took place — a detailed interview with Sh. Kadyrov, // CentrAsia. 10/23/2014. https://centrasia.org/newsA.php?st=1414056300
• The Turkic Map of the Syrian War: An Interview with Shohrat Kadyrov // EurAsia Daily. March 4, 2016. https://eadaily.com/news/2016/03/04/tyurkskaya-karta-siriyskoy-voyny-intervyu-s-shohratom-kadyrovym
• Shokhrat Kadyrov: “Solving the problem of the Bipatrides will mark the beginning of a new period of Turkmen-Russian relations.” Interviewed V. Panfilova // “Bulletin of the Caucasus”. 18.02. 2016. http://www.vestikavkaza.ru/interview/SHokhrat-Kadyrov-Reshenie-problemy-bipatridov-oznamenuet-nachalo-novogo-perioda-turkmeno-rossiyskikh-otnosheniy.html

• Analytics: https://web.archive.org/web/20170227015038/http://turkmeny.h1.ru/analyt/
• Sh. Kh. Kadyrov on the website of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences: http://ivran.ru/persons/KadyrovShokhrat
• Sh. Kadyrov's page on TurkmenWiki website
• January 16, 2017 a seminar was held in IEA RAS in memory of Shokhrat Kadyrov, the material is posted on the IEA RAS website. http://iea-ras.ru/index.php?go=News&in=view&id=1269