Gustavus Vasa Fox ( Eng. Gustavus Vasa Fox ; June 13, 1821 ; , Massachusetts , USA — October 29, 1883 ; Lowell , Massachusetts) is a US naval officer, member of the Washington office . Member of the Mexican and Mexican Wars. Last, he served as , in fact, led all naval operations. Diplomat .
| Gustav Waza Fox | |||||||
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| English Gustavus Vasa Fox | |||||||
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| The president | Abraham Lincoln → Andrew Johnson | ||||||
| Predecessor | position established | ||||||
| Successor | |||||||
| Birth | June 13, 1821 , Massachusetts | ||||||
| Death | October 29, 1883 (62 years) Lowell , Massachusetts | ||||||
| Education | |||||||
| Autograph |  | ||||||
| Awards |  | ||||||
| Military service | |||||||
| Years of service | 1838-1856 | ||||||
| Affiliation |  USA | ||||||
| Type of army | US Navy | ||||||
| Rank | captain | ||||||
| Battles | Us-mexican war US Civil War | ||||||
Honorary citizen of St. Petersburg , Kronstadt , Moscow , Korcheva and Kostroma .
Biography
Origins and nurture
Gustav Fox was born on June 13, 1821 in , Massachusetts . The son of Dr. Jessie and Olivia (nee Flint) Fox. In the same year, his family moved to Lowell (Massachusetts), where his father took up the textile business. Gustav also entered , where he showed exceptional success in his studies. He showed the same successes in the Phillips Academy in Andover , where he entered in 1835 [1] . However, after two years of training in the last Gustav, following the example of his childhood friends, went to serve in the fleet [2] .
Fleet service
After an internship at sea and completing coursework at School in Philadelphia , Gustav Fox January 12, 1838 was appointed Acting Midshipman [Comm. 1] . On April 23, the order of US Secretary of the Navy Fox was sent to the 2nd-class military sloop " ", then commanded by known known as "Mad Jack" [2 ] .
On June 24 of the same year, the sloop "Kiana", on which Fox served, went to watch in the Mediterranean and on May 16, 1841, returned to Norfolk ( Virginia ). Thanks to D. Percival's sincere interest in the careful training of midshipmen, Fox acquired from him irreplaceable skills [2] .
May 20, 1844 Fox in the rank of midshipman was appointed navigator on the military sloop " ", which next year participated in the African squadron, aimed at preventing the illegal slave trade [2] .
US-Mexican War
During the Mexican-American War of 1846–48, Fox served in the brig “ ” as part of a squadron under the leadership of Commodore MK Perry . Took part in the second and his capture on January 15 - 16, 1847 . For the implementation of complex government tasks for the transfer of troops to Veracruz Fox in 1851 was promoted to lieutenant [3] .
Long voyages and resignation
After the war, Fox participated in the navigation and survey of the coast in the lower Mississippi River . Then he took part in expeditions from Brooklyn to Macau , with diplomatic missions to Manila ( Ost-India ), Cochin China (Vietnam), Thailand ( Thailand ), Borneo and Malaysia . The expedition returned home through Hawaii and South America . For some time he commanded postal steamers [2] .
In October 1855, Fox married On July 30, 1856, he retired and started a private business in the manufacture of woolen fabrics. Until 1860 he ran a textile factory in Massachusetts [2] .
Civil War
With the outbreak of the Civil War of 1861–65, Fox volunteered to join the army of northerners . On May 9, 1861, he was appointed Chief Clerk of the Navy Department , and on August 1, by presidential decree, A. Lincoln was appointed to the newly established position of , which was ordered to remain until the end of the war. He commanded a squadron on an unsuccessful expedition to Fort Sumter , which was besieged by the Confederates (Southerners) [2] .
During the war, Fox diligently engaged in the modernization of armored vessels, and in fact led all operations of the naval forces of the North. He played a key role in blocking the entire coastline of the CSA, taking control over the USA of important parts of the Mississippi River and mastering Port Royal , Mobile, Wilmington and other strategically important objects [2] .
After the war, Fox continued to implement many naval reforms. On May 22, 1866, he resigned again [4] , but in the same month by Congress he was elected and appointed head of the mission to Russia and, therefore, re-approved by President E. Johnson as Assistant Secretary of the US Navy [5] .
Extraordinary US Embassy to Russia
In 1866, Fox headed the extraordinary embassy sent to Russia to deliver a copy of the congratulatory resolution adopted on May 16, 1866 by both houses of the United States Congress , to Alexander II in connection with "deliverance from danger" after the attempt on his life committed on April 4 (16) year [Comm. 2] . The mission itself, in addition to formal congratulations, had a goal to sincerely thank Alexander II and the “Russian people” for their friendly disposition towards the USA and for the support that Russia “always” provided to them, starting with the neutrality of Catherine II during the US war of independence [7 ] , and especially for supporting the North during the American Civil War [8] [9] [10] [Comm. 3] . The mission also included the deepening of political and naval cooperation between the United States and Russia [13] .
At the insistence of Fox himself for this mission was equipped with a two-tower monitor “ ” of the same class of monitors . On it, on June 5, 1866, Fox set out from Newfoundland, accompanied by two military steamers “ ” and “ ”, and on June 16 his squadron reached the port of Cork (Ireland). In general, Monitor class ships were intended for river or near-shore sea navigation and it was extremely risky to cross the Atlantic Ocean on it. Gustav Fox was the first to do this [14] [5] . So the English admiral, looking at the monitor through a telescope, asked Fox with surprise: "Have you really crossed the Atlantic Ocean on this thing?" After the affirmative answer of the latter, the admiral admitted: “I doubt that I could do this” [15] .
Leaving the court in Cork, Fox went to Dublin and then to London, where he was introduced to members of the royal family at a ball in Buckingham Palace , and then attended dinners given in his honor by the American envoy Ch. F. Adams , Russian ambassador Baron F. And Brunnov and other high-ranking officials. On June 29, Fox went to Portsmouth , where his squadron arrived. From there, he, accompanied by the US ambassador to France, D. Bigelow, went to Cherbourg (France) [16] [17] .
On July 3, in the Tuileries Palace in Paris, Fox was given a private audience by Emperor Napoleon III , and on July 6, Fox, in the presence of the American Ambassador D. Bigelow, had a conversation with Prince Napoleon Eugene . The latter, in particular, recommended not to be friends "too much with Russia" , to which Fox replied that "Russia and America have no hostile interests" and that "Russia has always been friendly to America, and we value this feeling" [18] . The prince said that the United States can "stand alone," and that they do not need friends. Fox also countered [19] [20] [17] [21] :
“Although it seems doubtful whether Russia and I will ever stand together again, nevertheless at that time, as we were threatened by the most powerful nations, Russia sympathized and expressed us its sympathies, and America will never forget this . ”
Original Text (Eng.)"If it was a doubt, it would be a bit different."- During the second session of the thirty-ninth Congress, 1866 — '67.
Prince, noting that "Russia itself is lonely," after some silence, changed the topic of dialogue [17] .
On July 20, Fox arrived in Cologne , and on July 22 in Copenhagen harbor, where his squadron already awaited him [22] .
On July 22 ( August 3 ), the American squadron reached the shores of the Russian Empire and anchored in the harbor of Helsinki (Helsinki), where it was solemnly greeted by senior officials of the military and city administrations who also visited Miantonomo. The next day, a “brilliant” banquet was given in honor of the embassy [16] [9] . On July 24 (August 5), the American squadron left the Helsingfors harbor and the next day, accompanied by a Russian armored squadron, lined up in two lines on each side of the leading American ships, arrived in Kronstadt port [23] . In the same place, Vice-Admiral S. S. Lesovsky (a member of the expedition of the Russian fleet to America in 1863 ) notified Fox that “by the order of His Majesty, both the embassy and officers of the squadron are guests of the Russian government” [24] .
On the same day, Fox went to St. Petersburg, and on July 27 (August 8) at the Peterhof Palace with his embassy in the presence of the American envoy to Russia, General was presented to Emperor Alexander II and presented him with a Congress resolution [25] [23] . Immediately after that, Fox sent a telegram to Secretary of State William G. Seward with a report on the fulfillment of the task entrusted to him. It was the first telegram sent from Russia to America via a transatlantic cable laid in the same year [26] .
In the capital, Fox and his delegation visited the Hermitage , St. Isaac's Cathedral , the Admiralty , the Obukhov Steel Works , the Maritime Museum , the Public Library and the Academy of Sciences , and also traveled to Krasnoe Selo and Pavlovsk . Together with Alexander II he attended the training maneuvers of the navy of Russia [23] , and after that also the maneuvers of the guard troops [27] . On August 11 (23), the US Embassy headed by Fox left St. Petersburg for Moscow. In addition to Moscow, the embassy visited Kostroma, Tver, Nizhny Novgorod and other large cities and small villages of Central Russia. In the Trinity-Sergius Lavra , the Fox mission visited Metropolitan Philaret [28] . Fox also visited yacht clubs, educational institutions, factories, temples and cathedrals, palaces, theaters and more. In addition to official visits and meetings, the Fox mission in Russia was accompanied by banquets, balls, and other special events given in honor of Fox's arrival in Russia. Telegrams with welcome invitations to his name came from various sections of society — urban and military administrations, merchants, seamen, peasants, and others [29] .
During a visit by Fox on 14 (26) August near Kuzminok , a delegation of peasants headed by the volost foreman of the village of Kotelniki of Vykhinskaya volost came to meet him with bread and saltE. V. Gvozdev. Touched by the "artless" welcome speech of the latter, Fox barely managed to pick up the words of thanks. Raising the USA flag to Gvozdyev , Fox pronounced [30] [31] [32] [33] [28] :
“Take this flag of my country. The colors on it are the same as on the Russian flag, although they are arranged in a different way. This flag often fluttered during battles, but now it is the banner of peace and goodwill. Save it so that you, the liberated Russian peasants, can recognize the emblem of a friendly nation, which will always sympathize with the efforts of your class to rise to the level of benefits of civilization and freedom granted to you by your beloved sovereign . ”
Original Text (Eng.)“Accept this flag of my country. The colors are dispersed, although disposed in a different manner. This is the day of the peace of mind. It is clear that it will be possible to preserve it. sovereign. "- . Narrative of the mission to Russia, in 1866, of the Hon. Gustavus Vasa Fox, assistant-secretary of the navy.
В дальнейшем Густаву Фоксу были вручены дипломы на звание почётного гражданина Санкт-Петербурга , Кронштадта , Москвы , Корчевы и Костромы [34] . В связи с тем, что американским гражданам было запрещено получать иностранные награды, Александр II подарил Фоксу табакерку, инкрустированную 26 бриллиантами [35] [36] . Кроме того, ему разными общественными организациями, учреждениями и частными лицами были подарены 282 экземпляра различных ценных книг, атласов и альбомов. М. П. Погодин подарил ему автографы поэмы А. С. Пушкина , В. А. Жуковского , Н. В. Гоголя , письма Петра I , стихотворное произведение Г. Р. Державина (с правкой автора), факсимиле отрывка из « Истории государства Российского » Н. М. Карамзина и другие уникальные материалы и культурные реликвии России [36] . Фокс позаботился о каталогизации книг и через государственный департамент передал их в библиотеку Смитсоновского института [37] . В своём письме на имя Фокса госсекретарь У. Г. Сьюард по этому поводу писал [38] [39] :
«Могу с полной уверенностью утверждать, что это важное и поучительное приобретение для правительства и народа Соединенных Штатов, поступающее в национальную библиотеку, будет с благодарностью принято и с заботою беречься» .
Оригинальный текст (англ.)«In accepting, on behalf of the Government and people of the United States, so important and instructive an acquisition to the national library, I may safely assure you that they will be gratefully appreciated and carefully preserved».— JF Loubat . Narrative of the mission to Russia, in 1866, of the Hon. Gustavus Vasa Fox, assistant-secretary of the navy.
Ещё 27 июля (8 августа) Фокс посетил О. И. Комиссарова-Костромского , спасшего Александру II жизнь во время покушения на него революционера-террориста Д. В. Каракозова [40] , а 3 (15) сентября, в день отплытия посольства США на родину, он присутствовал при казни последнего на Смоленском поле в Санкт-Петербурге [Комм. 4] .
В отставке
В 1867 году Фокс принимал деятельное участие в сделке по покупке САСШ у России Аляски [41] [Комм. 5] . В том же году он вышел в отставку и занялся коммерческой деятельностью. В том же 1867 году предпринял неудачную попытку выкупить первую трансконтинентальную железную дорогу США [46] . После вернулся к текстильной промышленности и возглавил кампанию по производству шерсти в штате Массачусетс [2] .
В конце 1870-х годов Фокс оставил бизнес и занялся научной деятельностью, в частности изучением Багамских Островов .
Умер Густав Фокс 29 октября 1883 года в Лоуэлле штата Массачусетс.
Scientific Activities
Ещё во время дальних экспедиций на шлюпе «Плимут» в 1840-х годах Фокс стал проявлять интерес к вопросам геологии. Также собирал разные виды растений и животных. По словам , «Корабль был настоящим плавучим зоопарком» [47] .
В конце 1870-х годах Фокс исследовал Багамские Острова , после чего в 1882 году выдвинул теорию, согласно которой «загадочный» остров Гуанахани (туземное название острова, на который впервые при открытии Америки 12 октября 1492 года высадился Колумб ) — это остров [48] [49] [50] .
В 1884 году, уже после смерти Фокса, Джеймс Б. Мёрдок подверг критике его версию и после этого остров Самана-Ки перестал рассматриваться как одна из версий первой высадки Колумба в Америке. Лишь спустя столетие, когда Национальным географическим обществом (США) были проведены новые расчёты, версия Фокса была вновь пересмотрена и опубликована в журнале « National Geographic » за ноябрь 1986 года. Позже ряд исследователей также нашли убедительные подтверждения тому, что остров Самана-Ки является наиболее вероятным кандидатом острова Гуанахани. При этом аргументы, выдвинутые в 1884 году Д. Б. Мёрдоком против данной версии были опровергнуты [49] [50] .
Библиография Фокса
- Fox, Gustavus V. (1882). An Attempt to Solve the Problem of the First Landing Place of Columbus in the New World. Report of the Superintendent of the US Coast and Geodetic Survey (Appendix No. 18, June 1880). Washington: Government Printing Office. [First proposal of the Samana Cay landfall theory].
Family
Жена — Вирджиния ( англ. Virginia Woodbury Fox ; 1821—1908, жена с октября 1855) — дочь Элизабеты Клапп и судьи Верховного суда США Леви Вудбери . Детей не имели [51] .
Memory
Именем Густава Вазы Фокса были названы три судна Военно-морских сил США ― торпедный катер , эсминец и крейсер .
Notes
- Comments
- ↑ Некоторые источники сообщают, что Густав Фокс в 1841 году окончил Военно-морскую академию в Аннаполисе [1] , однако в действительности данная академия тогда ещё не существовала (она была открыта в 1845 г.), а Фокс, как и все другие гардемарины в то время в САСШ, бо́льшую часть времени проходил обучение непосредственно на судне [2] .
- ↑ Проект резолюции был составлен и принят под впечатлением недавнего убийства президента США А. Линкольна [6] .
- ↑ Во время Гражданской войны в США ведущие европейские державы в лице Англии и Франции поддержали КША (южан), приглашая присоединиться к их коалиции и Россию. Однако Александр II , отменивший крепостное право в России и симпатизировавший внутренней политике А. Линкольна , направленной на отмену рабства , отказал им и поддержал легитимное правительство Севера . В 1863 году Россия, имевшая конфронтацию с Англией и Францией по Польскому вопросу , направила к берегам Америки две военно-морские эскадры (к Нью-Йорку и Сан-Франциско ), что ликвидировало угрозу вооружённого вмешательства в американский конфликт европейских держав на стороне конфедератов и укрепило позиции северян [11] . По выражению газеты « New York Herald » ― «между „ Янки-дудл “ и „ Русским медведем “ свершился братский союз» , а «река Гудзон слилась со студёными водами Невы » [12] .
- ↑ Годом ранее, 7 июля 1865 года, в США были повешены четверо участников заговора против президента Линкольна (в том числе женщина).
- ↑ В некоторых советских источниках указывалось на то, что именно во время миссии Г. Фокса «царским правительством» был решён вопрос о продаже «русских владений» в Америке (т. е. Аляски) США [42] [43] [44] , однако, как отмечал Н. Н. Болховитинов , «К сожалению, сторонники этой точки зрения не приводят в её подтверждение каких-либо конкретных фактов и документов» [37] [45] .
- Использованная литература и источники
- ↑ 1 2 Fuess, 1931 , p. 568.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Hoogenboom, 2008 .
- ↑ Проскуровская, 1989 , с. 129.
- ↑ Fuess, 1931 , p. 569.
- ↑ 1 2 Матросов, 1900 , с. 231.
- ↑ Иванян, 2001 , с. 31.
- ↑ Матросов, 1900 , с. 242.
- ↑ Loubat, 1873 , p. 14―15.
- ↑ 1 2 Матросов, 1900 , с. 235.
- ↑ Тимощук, 1887 , с. 51.
- ↑ Фурсенко, 1997 , с. 34
- ↑ Кох, 1866 , с. 207.
- ↑ Фурсенко, 1997 , с. 635.
- ↑ Тимощук, 1887 , с. 48.
- ↑ Матросов, 1900 , с. 232.
- ↑ 1 2 Тимощук, 1887 , с. 50―51.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Матросов, 1900 , с. 233.
- ↑ Семенцов, 2009 , с. 118.
- ↑ Executive documents, 1867 , p. 422.
- ↑ Loubat, 1873 , p. 47.
- ↑ Woldman, 1952 , p. 264.
- ↑ Матросов, 1900 , с. 234.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Болховитинов, 1990 , с. 176-177.
- ↑ Матросов, 1900 , с. 237.
- ↑ Матросов, 1900 , с. 239.
- ↑ Тимощук, 1887 , с. 54.
- ↑ Тимощук, 1887 , с. 56―57.
- ↑ 1 2 Болховитинов, 1990 , с. 178.
- ↑ Гусарова, 1995 , с. 336.
- ↑ Нестеров, 1866 , с. 32—33.
- ↑ Loubat, 1873 , p. 267.
- ↑ Tymoshchuk, 1887 , p. 63―64.
- ↑ Matrosov, 1900 , p. 251―252.
- ↑ Tymoshchuk, 1887 , p. 48―49.
- ↑ Loubat, 1873 , p. 418.
- ↑ 1 2 Ivanyan, 2001 , p. 571.
- ↑ 1 2 Bolkhovitinov, 1990 , p. 182.
- ↑ Loubat, 1873 , p. 420-421.
- ↑ Sementsov, 2009 , p. 135-136.
- ↑ Sementsov, 2009 , p. 120
- ↑ Bolkhovitinov, 1990 , p. 233.
- ↑ Okun S. B. Sale of Russian possessions in America // Russian-American company / Ed. B. D. Grekov . - M. - L .: Sotsekgiz , 1939. - S. 247.
- ↑ Batueva TM Expansion of the USA in the North Pacific in the middle of the XIX century and the purchase of Alaska in 1867. - Tomsk: TSU , 1976. - p. 31.
- ↑ Voytolovsky G. K. On different sides of the Bering Strait // World Economy and International Relations . - M. , 1986. - № 6 . - p . 38 . - ISSN 0131-2227 .
- ↑ Russian Discovery of America: Collection of articles dedicated to the 70th anniversary of Academician Nikolai Nikolaevich Bolkhovitinov / Ed. ed. A. O. Chubaryan . - M .: ROSSPEN , 2002. - P. 474. - ISBN 5-8243-0271-5 .
- ↑ NY Historical Society , Biographical Note.
- ↑ Hoogenboom, 2008 , p. 44.
- ↑ Fox, 1882 .
- ↑ 1 2 Pickering .
- ↑ 1 2 The Real History of the American Revolution: A New Look . - New York - London: , 2009. - 17 p. - (Real History Series). - ISBN 978-1-4027-6816-3 .
- ↑ NY Historical Society , Ser. VII.
Literature
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- Fuess CM Fox, Gustavus Vasa // (English) . - New York: , 1931. - Vol. 6: Echols — Fraser. - P. 568-569.
- Gustavus Vasa Fox of the Union Navy: A Biography (eng.) . - , 2008. - 408 p. - ISBN 978-0-8018-8986-8 .
- Confidential correspondence of Gustavus Vasa Fox, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, 1861-1865 (Eng.) / Ed. , . - N. Y .: Printed for Naval History Society by DeVinne Press, 1918. - Vol. 1. - 478 p. - (Publications of the Navy History Society. Vol. 9).
- During the second session of the thirty-ninth Congress, 1866 — '67 . - Washington: , 1867. - Vol. 1. - 693 p.
- Narrative of the mission to Russia, in 1866, of the Hon. Gustavus Vasa Fox, assistant-secretary of the navy (English) / Ed. . - New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1873. - 444 p. - ISBN 978-0-405-03045-1 .
- Fox, Gustavus Vasa // The Civil War Naval Encyclopedia (Eng.) / SC Tucker, Pierpaoli PG, WE White. - Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO , 2011. - Vol. 1: A — M. - P. 245-247. - ISBN 978-1-59884-338-5 .
- Woldman AA Lincoln and the Russians (English) . - Cleveland — New York: World Pub. Co, 1952. - 330 p.
- Gustavus Vasa Fox / / The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the US Military. - New York: Oxford University Press , 2001. - 544 p. - ISBN 978-0-19-989158-0 .
Links
- Gustav Waza Fox . Honorary citizens of 1866-1909. Official site of the Legislative Assembly of St. Petersburg .
- List of honorary citizens of Moscow . Official site of the Moscow City Duma .
- Claude M. Fuess. Gustavus Vasa Fox (English) . Official site " Tulane University " .
- Gustavus V. Fox . Notable Visitors (English) . .
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- Pickering KA The Samana Cay theory (English) . "Columbuslandfall.com" .