Dir (also baram dutse , diir, dra ; English dir, baram dutse, diir, dra ) is the Chadian language (or dialect) , widely distributed in the central regions of Nigeria . The southern Bauchi group of the West Chadian language branch is included in the cluster of benefits [2] [3] . The number of speakers is about 800 people (1993). There is no written language on the idiom dir [1] .
| Deer | |
|---|---|
| Country | Nigeria |
| Regions | Bauchi State |
| Total number of speakers | about 800 people (1993) [1] |
| Classification | |
| Category | African languages |
Afrasian macro family
| |
| Language Codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | - |
| ISO 639-2 | - |
| ISO 639-3 | plj |
Content
Classification
The idiom dir is a part of the cluster of good (or barb, polch) of the southern Bauchi group of the sub -branches of the Bauchi-bade of the West Chadian branch of the Chadian family (the southern Bauchi group can also be designated as the Zaar group, or the B3 group, and the Bauchi-bade sub-branch as the sub-branch B) [ 3] [6] [7] [8] .
Deer and other idioms of the benefit cluster in studies of various authors are described as dialects (dialect bundle) or as separate closely related languages. For example, in the classification of Chadian languages presented in the Ethnologue directory of world languages , idioms dir, along with other idioms of a cluster of good, are considered as dialects of one language (the name of this language is selected by the name of the largest by the number of speakers of the good dialect) [1] [9] . Meanwhile, according to the classification of Chadian languages , published in the works of the British linguist Roger Blench , deer, one of the seven idioms of the cluster of benefits, is considered as an independent language [3] [10] . Just as independent languages, following Kiyoshi Shimizu, idioms of a cluster of benefits, including a deer, are considered by the French researcher Bernard Caron [11] . In one of the works, Bernard Karon proposes to distinguish two languages within the framework of the cluster of benefits - Dir (with dialects of Zul , Barah and Diir) and actually polch (Poland) (with dialects of Buli , Lundur , Polga and Langas , including Luri ) [12] .
Language Features
Independent personal pronouns of the dir language [13] :
| Singular | Plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person |
| I | you | he | she is | it | we |
| ám | kə́ | yàx | mì | kə̀n | wúrí |
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, Charles D. Fennig: Polci. A language of Nigeria . Ethnologue: Languages of the World (19th Edition) . Dallas: SIL International (2016). Archived December 3, 2016. (Retrieved January 22, 2017)
- ↑ Blench, Roger. 3rd. Edition: An Atlas of Nigerian Languages ( pdf) P. 74. Cambridge: Roger Blench Website. Publications (2012). Archived on November 28, 2016. (Retrieved January 22, 2017)
- ↑ 1 2 3 Blench, Roger. The Afro-Asiatic Languages. Classification and Reference List (pdf) P. 4-6. Cambridge: Roger Blench Website. Publications (2006). Archived May 23, 2013. (Retrieved January 22, 2017)
- ↑ Caron, Bernard. Number in South-Bauchi-West Languages // Number in Africa and Beyond: Grammar, Semantics and Social Deixis., Sep 2011, Cologne, Germany. - Cologne, 2011. - P. 1. (Retrieved February 2, 2017)
- ↑ Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, Charles D. Fennig: Nigeria, Map 3 . Ethnologue: Languages of the World (19th Edition) . Dallas: SIL International (2016). Archived November 30, 2016. (Retrieved February 2, 2017)
- ↑ Porhomovsky V. Ya. Chad Languages // Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary / Editor-in-chief V. N. Yartseva . - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1990 .-- 685 p. - ISBN 5-85270-031-2 . Archived copy . Date of treatment January 22, 2017. Archived December 25, 2012.
- ↑ Burlak S. A. , Starostin S. A. Appendix 1. Genetic classification of world languages. Afrasian (= Semitochamite) languages // Comparative-historical linguistics. - M .: Academia , 2005 .-- S. 338—341. - ISBN 5-7695-1445-0 . (Retrieved January 22, 2017) Archived copy . Date of treatment January 22, 2017. Archived July 10, 2012.
- ↑ Blažek, Václav. Jazyky Afriky v přehledu genetické klasifikace. Čadské jazyky (Czech) (pdf) S. 12. Masarykova univerzita . Filozofická fakulta (2009). Archived on June 7, 2013. (Retrieved January 22, 2017)
- ↑ Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, Charles D. Fennig: Afro-Asiatic. Chadic. West Ethnologue: Languages of the World (19th Edition) . Dallas: SIL International (2016). Archived November 27, 2016. (Retrieved January 22, 2017)
- ↑ Blench, Roger. 3rd. Edition: An Atlas of Nigerian Langages (English) (pdf) P. 100-102. Cambridge: Roger Blench Website. Publications (2012). Archived on November 28, 2016. (Retrieved January 22, 2017)
- ↑ Caron, Bernard. Polci Languages. 3rd Biennial International Colloquium on the Chadic Languages (BICCL 3), Nov 2005, Villejuif, France (pdf) P. 1. Lyon: Archive ouverte en Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société (2011). (Retrieved January 22, 2017)
- ↑ Caron, Bernard. Number in South-Bauchi-West Languages. Number in Africa and Beyond: Grammar, Semantics and Social Deixis., Sep 2011, Cologne, Germany (pdf) P. 2. Lyon: Archive ouverte en Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société (2011). (Retrieved January 22, 2017)
- ↑ Caron, Bernard. Number in South-Bauchi-West Languages. Number in Africa and Beyond: Grammar, Semantics and Social Deixis., Sep 2011, Cologne, Germany (pdf) P. 3. Lyon: Archive ouverte en Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société (2011). (Retrieved January 22, 2017)
Literature
Caron, Bernard. Review of Ɓarawa Lexicon: a wordlist of eight South Bauchi (West Chadic) languages: Boghom, Buli, Dott, Geji, Sayanci and Zul 'by Ronald Cosper // Chadic Newsletter. - 2002. - Vol. 23 (1). - P. 46-80.
Links
- Dir of Polchi (English) (html). MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships (2009). Archived July 4, 2013. (Retrieved January 22, 2017)
- Hammarström, Harald & Forkel, Robert & Haspelmath, Martin & Bank, Sebastian: Dialect: Dir . . Jena: (2016). Archived December 4, 2016. (Retrieved January 22, 2017)
- Dir (English) (html). . Archived December 4, 2016. (Retrieved January 22, 2017)
- Words of Life - Dir language (English) (html). . - Audio recordings in Polci: Dir. Archived February 2, 2017. (Retrieved January 22, 2017)