Folklore ( English folk-lore - "folk wisdom") - verbal and musical folklore [1] .
In a broader sense, in addition to verbal genres, this includes all folklore, manifestations of the spiritual (and sometimes material) culture of the people — language, beliefs, rites, crafts [2] [3] .
Folklore is the subject of folklore studies.
Content
Definition
The term "folklore" ( Eng. Folk -lore - "folk wisdom") was first coined by the English scholar William J. Thoms ( Eng. William Thoms ) in 1846 to refer to both artistic (tradition, dance, music, and so on) and material (housing, utensils, clothes) culture of the people [4] . As a scientific term officially adopted by the English folk society "Folklore Society" [5] .
Over time, and in different countries, folklore was understood as folklore in all its manifestations, and more narrowly - “oral literature”, “oral poetic creativity” [3] ; there is no unity in the use of the term. There is a widespread notion of folklore as part of the traditional peasant culture in feudal society and the remaining strata of the culture of the peasant environment over subsequent periods in the history of society; at the same time, any amateur creativity (modern urban folklore ) can be attributed to folklore , while the creativity of subcultural groups - united by a common occupation (miners' art, soldier's, tourist, student folklore) or for other reasons is of particular interest [6] .
Oral is understood as the collective artistic creativity of the people, reflecting their life, views, ideals, principles; poetry ( tradition , songs , ditties , jokes , tales , epics ) created by the people and popular among the people, folk music ( songs , instrumental tunes and plays), theater ( dramas , satirical plays , puppet theater ), dance . The most important feature of folklore, unlike literature and modern book culture, is its traditionalism and orientation to the oral way of transmitting information. Carriers were usually rural residents ( peasants ).
Some scholars also refer to folk art all types of unprofessional art ( amateur art , including folk theaters ) .
Features
Folk art , which originated in ancient times , is the historical basis of the entire world art culture , the source of national artistic traditions , a way of expressing national identity.
There is an approach according to which the units of folklore, as a complex system, are not songs, myths, dances in themselves, not separate “ works ” of folk art, but holistic folklore acts, folklore acts ( rituals , ceremonies in the broad sense of the word). For example, any song is not considered as “just” a song in itself, but within the framework of its purpose - as attached to something, structurally and functionally connected with something [7] . Similarly with dance, music, clothing, folk theater.
The folklore of a primitive non-literate society is based on mythology and the religious system, in which ritual forms have a particularly important role. The oldest written genres continue the folk traditions of spells , ritual poetry (calendar and wedding), myth, and historical traditions; At the same time, literature preserves stylistic means close to folklore: similar repetition systems, parallelisms, metaphors, word games, etc. However, the oldest inscriptions are such that their function cannot be adequately carried out using an oral folklore word (for example, ancient Egyptian "autobiographical" inscriptions of nobles and all kinds of funeral texts). After the advent of writing and literature, in the conditions of the emergence of statehood and the development of more complex religious and mythological systems, folklore continues to function, but such traditional, or "classical", folklore develops into something different from strictly archaic folklore.
The oldest plot fund is subjected to de sacralization , the oral tradition experiences the multifaceted influence of book literature: for example, an oral word can reproduce written language norms (especially typical for solemn rhythmic speech), while folklorization and archaization of book sources take place. In addition to the influence of literature, a similar effect may have the influence of more developed folklore of neighboring peoples (for example, the influence of Russian folklore on the oral literature of some other peoples of the USSR) [8] .
The evolution in the approach to folklore has led to the fact that the functioning of folklore in society is considered not only from the point of view of literary criticism , but also from the point of view of anthropology and sociology [9] .
Many unofficial, non-canonical genres and types of folklore do not immediately fall into the field of view of specialists. For example, girls' love stories attracted the attention of collectors only in the 1980s, while their existence has an incomparably longer history.
Russian folklore
- Main article: Russian folklore .
- See also: Culture of the USSR .
In the USSR, in view of censorship , short ditties and jokes with sharp political or sexual content and / or profanity were especially honed (see Satire in the USSR ).
See also
- folk song
- folk music
- Ethnic music
- Folk architecture
- Oral tradition
- Small genres of folklore
- Urban folklore
- Folkloric formulas
Notes
- ↑ Folklore in Ozhegov Dictionary
- ↑ Folklore // Literature and language. Modern Illustrated Encyclopedia
- ↑ 1 2 Folklore // Brief Literary Encyclopedia: In 9 vols. - M.: Sov. Encycl., 1962-1978.
- ↑ FOLKLORE . Encyclopedia Round the world . krugosvet.ru. Date of treatment May 11, 2018.
- ↑ FOLKLORE is what FOLKLORE is: definition - History NES . interpretive.ru. Date of treatment May 11, 2018.
- ↑ Gusev V.E. Folklore as a universal type of subculture
- ↑ Alekseev E.E. Folklore in the context of modern culture: reasoning about the fate of a folk song . - M .: Soviet composer, 1988. - S. 33-35. - 237 p.
- ↑ E. M. Meletinsky, S. Yu. Neklyudov, E. S. Novik. The word status and the concept of the genre in folklore / P. A. Grinzer. - Historical poetics. Literary eras and types of artistic consciousness. - M .: Heritage, 1994 .-- S. 39-104.
- ↑ Konstantin Bogdanov // Conversations at the turn of the millennium. - S. 778-780.
Literature
- Folklore // Big Russian Encyclopedia. Volume 33. - M. , 2017 .-- S. 457.
- Folklore - an article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia .
- Folklore . - Literary Encyclopedia: At 11 vol. - M. , 1939. - T. XI.
- Soviet historical encyclopedia . - M.
- Anichkov E.V. Folklore // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- Adonyeva S. B. Pragmatics of Folklore . - SPb. : Publishing House of St. Petersburg. University, 2004 .-- 312 p. - ISBN 5-288-03428-1 .
- Berezkin Yu. E. Thematic classification and distribution of folklore and mythological motifs by area .
- Borev Yu. B. History of the Soviet state in traditions and anecdotes. - M .: Ripol, 1995. - ISBN 5-87907-056-5 .
- Zhirmunsky V. M. [5-94282-179-8 Folklore West and East. Comparative historical essays]. - M .: OGI (United Humanitarian Publishing House), 2004. - 464 p.
- Zueva T.V., Cirdan B.P. Russian folklore. Textbook for higher education . - Flint: Science, 2002 .-- 400 p. - ISBN 5-89349-115-7 .
- Kalugin V.I. Strings to rokotakhu ...: Essays on Russian folklore .
- Kostina A.V. Youth Culture and Folklore // Electronic Journal " Knowledge. Understanding. Skill . " - M .: Moscow State University , 2009. - No. 4 - Culturology .
- Mikhnevich V.O. Perversion of folk songwriting . - Historical Bulletin , 1880. - T. III , No. 12 . - S. 749-779 .
- Nikitchenkov A. Issues in the history of the methodology of teaching folklore in a Russian elementary school . - M .: Prometheus, 2012.
- Rumyantseva S. Morality in Russian folk wisdom and allegory. - LAP Lambert Academic Publishing , 2012 .-- ISBN 978-3-659-21493-6 .
- Stefanov P. The ordeal of the soul after death in Bulgarian folklore and culture .
- Berezkin Yu. E. , Duvakin Ye. N. Thematic classification and distribution of folklore and mythological motifs by area. Analytical catalog .
Links
- Folklore and post-folklore. Structure, typology, semiotics
- Terminology and concepts of modern folklore . Institute of Higher Humanitarian Studies. E. M. Meletinsky. Russian State Humanitarian University .
- National Folklore Resources
- State Republican Center of Russian Folklore
- Vepsian folklore. Veps holiday - “The Tree of Life”.
- Russian folklore
- Russian folklore in modern recordings
- Bashkir folklore
- Magazine "Folk Art"
- “4000 Homers” - a documentary about the academic publication “Monuments of Folklore and Ethnography of the Peoples of Siberia” (video)