Daimler Motorkutsche (translated from German as “ Daimler ’s motorized carriage ” [1] ), sometimes referred to as Daimler’s car [2] [3] [4] - a motorized wagon, the first prototype of a four-wheeled mechanical vehicle with an internal combustion engine powered by refined products [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] . Designed by German engineers Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in 1886 [5] [10] [11] [12] .
| Daimler motorkutsche | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| general information | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Manufacturer |  Gottlieb Daimler | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Years of production | 1886 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Assembly | Canstatt, Germany | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Design | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Body type | carriage (4 places) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Layout | rear mid-engine, rear-wheel drive | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Wheel formula | 4 × 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Engine | |||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||
| Characteristics | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Mass-dimensional | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Length | 2530 mm | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Width | 1475 mm | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Height | 1695 mm | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Wheelbase | 1300 mm | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Rear track | 1160 mm | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Front track | 1160 mm | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Weight | 290 kg | ||||||||||||||||||||
| On the market | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Volume of the tank | 2 l (carb) | ||||||||||||||||||||
The model did not receive much development and was used only for experimental purposes to prove that the high-speed and compact (for its time) Daimler and Maybach engine can be used on various vehicles. Nevertheless, Daimler Motorkutsche and the first Karl Benz motorized carriage played a significant role in the development of the automotive industry, laying the foundation for certain traditions in this industry sector in the world market [13] .
Content
- 1 History
- 1.1 Development and testing
- 1.2 Current status
- 2 Design
- 2.1 Engine
- 2.2 Running gear
- 3 notes
- 4 Literature
- 5 Links
History
Development and testing
On March 8, 1886, Gottlieb Daimler ordered a carriage of the American-style American version of the Stuttgart-based Wilhelm Wimpff & Sohn company [15] under the guise of a present for his wife Emma's upcoming birthday [16] [17] . However, she never received this gift. In fact, the German designer planned to equip the vehicle with an engine of its own design. The power unit, developed in 1885 together with Wilhelm Maybach , was an air-cooled gasoline ICE, vertically arranged with one cylinder and resembled a pendulum clock in its appearance, for which it received the nickname “floor clock” ( German Daimler Standuhr ) [18 ] . Previously, engineers had already tested it on a Daimler Reitwagen motorcycle, but now they intended to equip it with a carriage. The ordered chassis on which the engine was mounted was a wooden structure with steel reinforcement. It was delivered to the engineer in August 1886 [19] [11] .
The internal combustion engine, developed a year earlier, has undergone some modifications. So, for example, Daimler and Maybach doubled the working volume of the unit - from 264 cubic meters. see up to 462 cc see, thanks to which its maximum power was 0.8 kW (1.1 horsepower) [20] , and the maximum speed of a motorized wheelchair reached 18 km / h [5] [6] [21] [22] .
The Daimler motorized carriage was the first vehicle with an internal combustion engine and four wheels. Unlike the Benz Patent-Motorwagen , which was an independent integral design with three wheels, the first Gottlieb car was a simple carriage without a shaft with the usual (for its time) steering gear [5] [23] [24] . In 1886, a motorized carriage could be seen during test rides through the extensive gardens of the Daimler house [25] . In the archives of the Daimler AG concern, there are records of these tests that took place in the early morning, written by Wilhelm Maybach and Paul Daimler , which state that “the vehicle worked quite normally” and was able to reach a maximum speed of 18 kilometers per hour [26] . Later, the first prototype of the car went out on random covert sorties along local roads [27] [28] , and then openly moved along the street roads of Canstatt [29] .
In 1887 [30] after testing (Gottlieb Daimler personally rode in a wheelchair with his son Adolf [31] [32] ), the method of cooling the engine was changed from air to liquid [33] . For this purpose, engineers installed a large radiator under the rear seats.
In 1888, Daimler’s motorized carriage hit the newspaper, where it was reported that “experiments will now extend to a road vehicle” [17] . Nevertheless, the German designer did not think about continuing the development of this particular car or putting it into mass production. Thanks to him, he only once again demonstrated possible ways of using the engine he developed and continued his research work [11] .
Current status
In 1961, the German government issued a postage stamp depicting the first Daimler motorized stroller (DBP 363-1961) [34] . For a while, a replica of the first four-wheeled car with ICE and the Daimler Standuhr engine itself could be found in the German Museum in Munich [35] [36] . A reproduction of the Daimler Motorkutsche model is currently in the Mercedes-Benz Museum in Stuttgart , Germany [37] .
Design
Engine
The main technological component of the first prototype of a four-wheeled vehicle was a single-cylinder [15] four-stroke internal combustion engine with a working volume of 462 cm 3 mounted vertically between the front and rear passenger benches [38] . The design of the power unit included a vertically mounted single cylinder with a flywheel, one automatic and one side adjustable valves. Cooling was carried out using an air stream. The power system was a single evaporative carburetor. This design ensured the entry of air into the engine, which then passed through the fuel layer, and the explosive mixture thus obtained entered the cylinders. Kerosene or oil from paraffin oil was used as fuel [39] . There was no fuel tank in the vehicle - 2 liters of fuel were located directly in the carburetor [38] . The power of the power unit was 1.1 horsepower at 650 rpm, and the maximum number of revolutions reached 950.
The high-speed [40] Daimler engine favorably differed from the Nikolaus Otto power unit and had a rotational speed of 4–5 times higher than that of gas engines of that time, which at equal power made it possible to significantly reduce the size and weight of the power unit [41] [42] .
Chassis
The body of a four-seater [5] [43] vehicle was a modified classic carriage of the time [44] with a vertical guide post, a flywheel and drive pulleys attached to each rear wheel [45] . The frame was made of wood and strengthened in the necessary places with the help of metal structures. Suspension in its modern concept was absent - both sides of the model were equipped with rigid axles with elliptical springs [38] . The steering was a coupling device of a truck tractor driven through a gear sector and gear.
As a transmission, a simple system with two [46] forward gears and a two-stage pulley set was installed on the vehicle, which was not equipped with a reverse gear [38] . Management was carried out with the help of belts that responded to the switching of the manual lever. The clutch was a wooden cone engaged in a cast-iron cone mounted on a crankshaft. The engine torque was transmitted to the rear wheels [47] using a flat belt connected to the drive shaft, the gears of which controlled the outer gear rings. The brake mechanism consisted exclusively of a parking brake, which was a lever, when exposed to which the rear wheels of the vehicle were blocked by the force of the brake pads [38] [48] .
The vehicle was equipped with carriage-type wooden wheels of different sizes (with spokes) with a diameter of 930 mm in front and 1165 mm in the rear. They mounted metal tires 37 mm wide [38] .
Notes
- ↑ 125 years of innovative creativity: from the patented Benz motorized stroller to the second invention of the car . Mercedes-Benz (January 31, 2011). Date of treatment January 19, 2017. Archived January 19, 2017.
- ↑ Anatoly Khutorov. At the mercy of the motor. - 2nd ed. - Sovremennik, 1995.- S. 84. - 184 p.
- ↑ Gianni Marin, Andrea Mattei. The Motor Car: An Illustrated History. - A. Blond, 1962 .-- 254 p.
- ↑ Academic American encyclopedia. - Grolier Incorporated, 1994. - T. 10. - S. 246. - ISBN 9780717220533 . - ISBN 0717220532 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Zolotov Anton Vladimirovich. Cars. - Rosman , 2009 .-- S. 9 .-- 96 p. - ISBN 9785353037118 . - ISBN 5353037111 .
- ↑ 1 2 Zigunenko Stanislav Nikolaevich. 100 great records of transport . - Veche, 2013 .-- S. 74 .-- 416 p. - (100 great). - ISBN 5444470578 . - ISBN 9785444470572 .
- ↑ DK. Cars, Trains, Ships, and Planes . - Penguin, 2015 .-- S. 62 .-- 256 s. - ISBN 146544906X . - ISBN 9781465449061 .
- ↑ Patrick Robertson. The Book of Firsts . - 1975 .-- S. 100.
- ↑ Caroline Buchner. Die Wirkung von Produktvielfalt auf die Markenstärke: theoretische Überlegungen, empirische Befunde und Handlungsempfehlungen am Beispiel des Premiumsegments des Automobilmarktes . - Books on Demand, 2008 .-- S. 23. - 92 p. - ISBN 3934491936 . - ISBN 9783934491939 .
- ↑ 1 2 Hanno Ballhausen, Ute Kleinelümern. Die wichtigsten Erfindungen der Menschheit: geniale Ideen, die die Welt veränderten. - wissenmedia Verlag, 2008 .-- S. 182. - 281 p. - ISBN 357714646X . - ISBN 9783577146463 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 Daimler motor carriage, 1886 . Public archive of Mercedes-Benz. Date of treatment January 19, 2017. Archived January 19, 2017.
- ↑ Gladkov I.S., Piloyan M.G. History of the world economy. Reference book . - 2nd ed. - Prospect, 2015 .-- 440 p. - ISBN 5392187889 . - ISBN 9785392187881 .
- ↑ Reza Vaghefi, Alan B. Huellmantel. Strategic Management for the XXIst Century . - CRC Press, 1998 .-- S. 398. - 565 p. - ISBN 1574442104 . - ISBN 9781574442106 .
- ↑ // Automobile Quarterly. - 1986. - T. 24 , No. 1 . - S. 30 .
- ↑ 1 2 Mario Hirz, Wilhelm Dietrich, Anton Gfrerrer, Johann Lang. Integrated Computer-Aided Design in Automotive Development: Development Processes, Geometric Fundamentals, Methods of CAD, Knowledge-Based Engineering Data Management . - Springer Science & Business Media, 2013 .-- S. 3 .-- 466 p. - ISBN 3642119409 . - ISBN 9783642119408 .
- ↑ Brian Long. Mercedes-Benz W123 series: All models 1976 to 1986. - Veloce Publishing Ltd, 2015 .-- S. 9 .-- 192 p. - ISBN 184584792X . - ISBN 9781845847920 .
- ↑ 1 2 Erik Johnson. Mercedes: Nothing But the Best. - Book Sales, 1998 .-- S. 12 .-- 160 p. - ISBN 9780785809371 . - ISBN 0785809376 .
- ↑ Cutler J. Cleveland, Christopher G. Morris. Handbook of Energy: Chronologies, Top Ten Lists, and Word Clouds . - Elsevier, 2013 .-- S. 484. - 968 p. - ISBN 0124170196 . - ISBN 9780124170193 .
- ↑ Andy Warhol. Daimler Motorkutsche (1886), 1986 (English) . Daimler Art Collection. Date of treatment January 19, 2017. Archived January 19, 2017.
- ↑ Konrad Reif. Bosch Grundlagen Fahrzeug- und Motorentechnik: Konventioneller Antrieb, Hybridantriebe, Bremsen, Elektronik. - Springer-Verlag, 2011 .-- S. 151. - 232 p. - (Bosch Fachinformation Automobil). - ISBN 3834883204 . - ISBN 9783834883209 .
- ↑ Otto Yulievich Schmidt. Great Soviet Encyclopedia . - Soviet Encyclopedia, 1930 .-- T. 20.
- ↑ Legend 1: Daimler Motorized Carriage . Mercedes-Benz Date of treatment January 19, 2017. Archived January 19, 2017.
- ↑ Artemova O.V., Baldina N.A., Vologdina E.V. et al. 365 stories of amazing discoveries. - Rosman, 2007 .-- S. 28 .-- 224 p. - ISBN 5353026152 . - ISBN 9785353026150 .
- ↑ Rodney Dale. Early Cars. - Oxford University Press, 1994 .-- S. 52. - 64 p. - (Discoveries and inventions). - ISBN 0195210026 . - ISBN 9780195210026 .
- ↑ AJ Jacobs. The New Domestic Automakers in the United States and Canada: History, Impacts, and Prospects. - Lexington Books, 2015 .-- S. 21. - 520 p. - ISBN 9780739188262 . - ISBN 0739188267 .
- ↑ Peter Watson. The German Genius: Europe's Third Renaissance, the Second Scientific Revolution and the Twentieth Century . - Simon and Schuster, 2010 .-- S. 316-317. - 992 s. - ISBN 085720324X . - ISBN 9780857203243 .
- ↑ Peter Roberts. History of the Automobile. - Exeter Books, 1984. - S. 18. - 256 p. - ISBN 0671071483 . - ISBN 9780671071486 .
- ↑ Henry Sturmey, H. Walter Staner. // The Autocar. - Iliffe, sons & Sturmey Limited, 1984. - T. 160 .
- ↑ Eugen Diesel. From engines to autos: five pioneers in engine development and their contributions to the automotive industry. - H. Regnery Co., 1960 .-- 302 p.
- ↑ Martin Pfundner. Vom Semmering zum Grand Prix: der Automobilsport in Österreich und seine Geschichte . - Böhlau Verlag Wien, 2003 .-- S. 11 .-- 428 p. - ISBN 3205771621 . - ISBN 9783205771623 .
- ↑ MG Lay, James E. Vance. Ways of the World: A History of the World's Roads and of the Vehicles That Used Them . - Rutgers University Press, 1992 .-- S. 155. - 424 p. - ISBN 9780813526911 .
- ↑ Werner Spies, Andy Warhol. Andy Warhol: Cars, die letzten Bilder. - Kunsthalle, 1988 .-- 143 p. - (Veröffentlichung der Kunsthalle Tübingen ).
- ↑ Mercedes-Benz Museum - Mythos 1: Daimler Motorkutsche (German) . Mercedes-Benz Date of treatment March 28, 2017. Archived March 28, 2017.
- ↑ Brian Long. Mercedes-Benz SLK: - R170 series 1996-2004 . - Veloce Publishing Ltd, 2014 .-- S. 10 .-- 192 p. - ISBN 1845846516 . - ISBN 9781845846510 .
- ↑ German Museum . Führer durch die Sammlungen . - Springer-Verlag, 2013 .-- S. 37 .-- 158 p. - ISBN 3663159914 . - ISBN 9783663159919 .
- ↑ Motor Vehicle Engine ”Standuhr”, 1887 . German Museum . Date of treatment March 29, 2017. Archived March 29, 2017.
- ↑ Jack Altman. Discover Germany. - 2nd ed. - Berlitz, 1994 .-- 384 p.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Daimler motor carriage . Public electronic archive of Mercedes-Benz. Date of treatment March 28, 2017. Archived March 28, 2017.
- ↑ IRG. Investment Yearbook 2015–2016 . - 41st ed. - Investment Research Group Ltd, 2015 .-- S. 280. - 307 p.
- ↑ Dieter K. Buse, Juergen C. Doerr. Modern Germany: an encyclopedia of history, people, and culture, 1871-1990. - Garland Pub., 1998.- T. 1. - 1158 s. - ISBN 0815305036 . - ISBN 9780815305033 .
- ↑ Alexander Popov, P. Klyukin, Alexander Solntsev, Vladislav Osipov, Vitaly Gayevsky, Andrey Ivanov. Fundamentals of the design of a modern car . - Litres, 2016 .-- S. 9 .-- 338 p. - ISBN 9785457387928 . - ISBN 5457387925 .
- ↑ Joel Mokyr. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History . - Oxford University Press, 2003. - T. 3. - S. 195. - ISBN 9780195105070 . - ISBN 0195105079 .
- ↑ Tom Collins. The Legendary Model T Ford: The Ultimate History of America's First Great Automobile. - Krause Publications, 2007 .-- S. 31 .-- 304 p. - ISBN 0896895602 . - ISBN 9780896895607 .
- ↑ American Automobile Association. Teacher's manual for Sportsmanlike driving. - 2nd ed. - The Association, 1948. - 173 p.
- ↑ James Edward Homans. Self-propelled Vehicles: A Practical Treatise on the Theory, Construction, Operation, Care and Management of All Forms of Automobiles. - T. Audel, 1902.- 632 s.
- ↑ Alicia K. Birky. Socio-technical Transition as a Co-evolutionary Process: Innovation and the Role of Niche Markets in the Transition to Motor Vehicles . - ProQuest, 2008 .-- S. 129. - 539 p. - ISBN 0549573291 . - ISBN 9780549573296 . Archived March 30, 2017 on Wayback Machine
- ↑ Brian Williams. Karl Benz - Scholastic Library Publishing, 1991 .-- S. 34 .-- 47 p. - (Pioneers of science). - ISBN 9780531184042 . - ISBN 0531184048 .
- ↑ Konrad Reif. Fundamentals of Automotive and Engine Technology: Standard Drives, Hybrid Drives, Brakes, Safety Systems . - Springer, 2014 .-- S. 133. - 277 p. - (Bosch Professional Automotive Information). - ISBN 9783658039721 . - ISBN 3658039728 .
Literature
- Edward John Barrington Douglas-Scott-Montagu Baron Montagu of Beaulieu, Lord Montagu, David Burgess-Wise. Daimler Century: The Full History of Britain's Oldest Car Maker. - Patrick Stephens, 1995 .-- 304 p. - ISBN 9781852604943 .
- Werner Spies, Andy Warhol. Andy Warhol: Cars, die letzten Bilder. - Kunsthalle, 1988 .-- 143 p.
- Gerald Silk, Museum of Contemporary Art (Los Angeles, Calif.). Automobile and culture. - Abrams, 1984. - S. 32 .-- 319 p. - ISBN 0810918153 . - ISBN 9780810918153 .