Galaxy Cartwheel ( English Cartwheel Galaxy ), also known as ESO 350-40 - lenticular and ring-shaped galaxy , lying at a distance of about 500 million light-years from Earth in the constellation Sculptor . Its estimated diameter is 150,000 light years [5] (which is much larger than the size of the Milky Way , that is, our Galaxy could completely fit inside it [6] ), and its mass is about 2.9–4.8 × 10 9 solar masses . It rotates at a speed of 217 km / s [7] .
| Galaxy Cartwheel | |
|---|---|
| Galaxy | |
 Image Galaxy Cartwheel . Photo of the Hubble Space Telescope [1] . | |
| Research history | |
| Discoverer | Fritz Zwicky |
| opening date | 1941 |
| Designations | MCG-06-02-02 [2] , PGC 2248 [2] |
| Observational data ( Age J2000.0 ) | |
| Constellation | Sculptor |
| Right ascension | 00 h 37 m 41.1 s [2] |
| Declination | -33 ° 42 ′ 59 ″ [2] |
| Visible dimensions | 1 ′, 1 × 0 ′, 9 [2] |
| Apparent magnitude m V | 15.2 [2] |
| Characteristics | |
| Type of | S pec (ring-shaped) [2] |
| Radial velocity | |
| Redshift | 9050 ± 3 km / s [2] |
| Distance | 500 million St. years (150 million ps ) [3] |
| Radius | ~ 130,000 St. years (diameter) [3] |
| The properties | Regular ring shape |
| Database Information | |
| SIMBAD | |
The galaxy was discovered by Fritz Zwicky in 1941 [8] . After its discovery, Zwicky considered it “one of the most complex structures awaiting explanation based on stellar dynamics ” [8] [9] .
Content
- 1 Structure
- 2 Evolution
- 3 X-ray sources
- 4 notes
- 5 Links
Structure
Non-thermal sources of radio emission are found in the galaxy, which are located like wheel spokes. Their location does not coincide with the location of such "spokes" visible in the optical range [10] .
Evolution
The Cartwheel Galaxy was once an ordinary spiral galaxy , before it apparently had a head-on collision with its smaller satellite galaxy about 200 million years ago [7] [11] . When the neighboring galaxy passed through the Cartwheel galaxy, the force of the collision caused a powerful shock wave throughout the galaxy, like a stone thrown against a sandy bottom. Moving at high speed (320,000 km / h [6] ), the shock wave lifted up gas and dust, creating new star-forming regions around the central part of the galaxy, which was unharmed. This process explains the appearance of a bluish ring around the central bright part [12] [13] . The ring contains at least several billion new stars that could not have been created in the usual way in such a short time [6] .
At present, it can be seen that the galaxy begins to return to the shape of a normal spiral galaxy , with arms extending from the central core [11] .
Alternatively, there is a model based on Jeans gravitational instability of two axisymmetric (radial) and non-axisymmetric (spiral) gravitational perturbations of small amplitude, which allows us to find a connection between growing clumps of matter and gravitationally unstable axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric ring waves, which take ring knitting needles [9] .
Scientists studying this galaxy recently discovered giant gas structures, the head of which is several hundred light years across, and whose length is thousands of light years. These fast-moving dense clouds of blue color have a comet-shaped shape and are located mainly along the upper boundary of its core. Their shape is similar to a wave from a boat, which was created by the movement of dense clouds in a more rarefied environment [14] .
X-ray sources
Star formation through a collision leads to the formation of large and very bright stars . When massive stars explode like supernovae , they leave behind a neutron star or even a black hole. Some of these neutron stars and black holes are close companion stars, and become powerful sources of X-rays because they accrete a significant amount of matter from their companions (also known as ultra- and hyper - bright X-ray sources) [15] . The brightest X-ray sources are probably black holes with companion stars, and appear as white dots that lie along the rim of the X-ray image. The rim of the galaxy is a giant ring-shaped structure with a diameter of more than 100 thousand light years, consisting of star formation regions in which there are very bright and very massive stars [16] . The Cartwheel Galaxy contains an extremely large number of such black holes in binary x-ray sources, since many massive stars form in the ring.
Notes
- ↑ Galaxy Cartwheel from the telescope im. Hubble (December 18, 2016).
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 NASA / IPAC Extragalactic Database Results for Cartwheel Galaxy .
- ↑ 1 2 Moore, Patrick. The Data Book of Astronomy. - CRC Press, 2000. - P. 318. - ISBN 0-7503-0620-3 . (eng.)
- ↑ Sadler E. M. , Colless M. , Frankcombe L. et al. The 6dF Galaxy Survey: final redshift release (DR3) and southern large-scale structures // Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. / D. Flower - OUP , 2009. - Vol. 399, Iss. 2. - P. 683–698. - ISSN 0035-8711 ; 1365-2966 - doi: 10.1111 / j.1365-2966.2009.15338.x
- ↑ Amazing Space- Fast Facts: Cartwheel Galaxy . Amazing Space (2008).
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 The Hubble telescope observes a radiant ring born from a head-on collision of galaxies . NASA (October 16, 1994).
- ↑ 1 2 Amram P., Mendes de Oliveira C., Boulesteix J., Balkowski C. The Hα kinematic of the Cartwheel galaxy (Eng.) // Astron Astrophys. : journal. - 1998 .-- February ( vol. 330 ). - P. 881-893 . - .
- ↑ 1 2 Zwicky F. in Theodore van Karman Anniversary volume Contribution to Applied Mechanics and Related Subjects. - Pasadena, California: California Institute of Technology, 1941. - P. 137. (English)
- ↑ 1 2 Griv E. Origin of the Cartwheel Galaxy: disk instability? (unknown) // Astrophys. Space Sci .. - 2005. - October ( t. 299 , No. 4 ). - S. 371-385 . - DOI : 10.1007 / s10509-005-3423-5 . - . (eng.)
- ↑ Mayya YD et al. The Detection of Nonthermal Radio Continuum Spokes and the Study of Star Formation in the Cartwheel // Ap J.: journal. - 2005. - Vol. 620 , no. 1 . - P. L35 . - DOI : 10.1086 / 428400 . - . - arXiv : arXiv: astro-ph / 0501311 . (eng.)
- ↑ 1 2 Cartwheel Galaxy . College of Southern Nevada. (eng.)
- ↑ Jane Platt. Cartwheel Galaxy Makes Waves in New NASA Image . NASA (November 1, 2006). (eng.)
- ↑ Robert Nemirov ( MTU ) & J. Bonnel. Galaxy "Cartwheel" . Astronet (July 2, 1995).
- ↑ Comet-shaped clouds in the galaxy Cartwheel . NASA (Nobember 27, 1996).
- ↑ The Cartwheel Galaxy - Introduction . Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (January 22, 2009).
- ↑ Wheel of Fortune . NASA (January 18, 2006).