Valency [1] (from lat. Valentia / valens ( genus valentis) - “having power”) in syntax is the ability of a word to enter syntactic relations with other elements [2] , for example, the valency of a verb gives determine the ability to combine with subject , direct addition, indirect addition : I give him a book .
This concept was first introduced into linguistics by S. D. Katznelson (1948). L. Tenier, who introduced the term “valency” into Western European linguistics to mean compatibility , related it only to the verb and defined valency as the number of actants that the verb can join. He distinguished between the verbs valentine (impersonal: “It grows light”), monovalent (intransitive: “Peter sleeps”), divalent (transitive: “Peter reads a book”), trivalent (“He gives a book to his brother”) and described the means of changing the verb valency ( pledge , return form, causative construction, lexical verbal pairs of the type “go” - “send”). In this interpretation, the concept of valency is comparable with the concept of one-, two- or three-place predicates, which goes back to predicate logic and is associated with the verbocentric theory of sentences .
The valency of a word is determined by its lexical meaning , the part of speech to which it refers, as well as its grammatical form . For a verb , the valency value is the number of types of actants that it can attach.
For example, the valency of the impersonal verb is zero, the intransitive verb has a valency of 1 (for the subject ), the valency of 3 or 4 from the verb ( who , what , from whom ; in a number of interpretations, also how much )
The term “valency” in linguistics is also used to denote the features of a verb to enter into a certain grammatical relationship with dependent words . So, for example, from the verb to buy valency for the accusative case ( to buy whom? What? ), And from the verb to help - to the dative ( to help whom? What? ) And the prepositional ( to help in what? ).
Content
- 1 Types of valency
- 2 See also
- 3 notes
- 4 Literature
Types of Valency
I. By the number of valence elements necessary for the verb :
- simple valency - the existence of a single type of valence bond between the dominant and dependent elements, which is expressed in the implementation of one elementary valency; simple valency is always single;
- complex valency - the possibility of having more valence bonds between the dominant element and other elements dependent on it, which is expressed in the implementation of more than one elementary valency, which
- according to the type of logical relations developing between them, there can be:
- compatible when they are implemented in a given syntagmatic chain at the same time - by the conjunction principle;
- incompatible , when only one of them can be realized in a given syntagmatic chain - by the principle of disjunction ;
- by type of filling syntax positions can be:
- single (when filling in incompatible valence positions);
- multi-seat (when filling in joint valence positions);
- according to the type of logical relations developing between them, there can be:
II. In relation to the linguistic characteristics of communication:
- semantic valency - the ability of a given word to associate syntactically with any word whose meaning includes a certain semantic attribute;
- lexical valency - the ability of a given word to syntactically associate with words from a limited list, while it does not matter if they have common semantic features or not;
- morphological valency - the ability of a lexeme to combine with words of a certain class or with a single word in a specific grammatical form ;
- syntactic valency - the totality and properties of the syntax links that are potentially possible with a word, the set and conditions for the implementation of syntactic links;
III. In terms of importance of availability:
- obligatory valency - the possibility of compatibility , predetermined by the need for a word to have certain actants with it , motivated by its semantics and always realized in speech ;
- optional valency - the possibility of compatibility, motivated by the general combining abilities of the word and realized only in some cases.
See also
- Valency frame
Notes
- ↑ The term is borrowed from chemistry (cf. valency (chemistry) ).
- ↑ Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ed. V. N. Yartseva; Institute of Linguistics, USSR Academy of Sciences. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990. - 682 p.
Literature
- Tener, L. Fundamentals of structural syntax / L. Tenier // Entry. Art. and commonly. ed. V. G. Gaka. - M .: Progress, 1988 .-- 656 p.
- Plungyan, V. A. Introduction to grammatical semantics: grammatical meanings and grammatical systems of world languages: Textbook / V. A. Plungyan. - M.: Publishing House of the Russian State Humanitarian University, 2011 .-- 672 p.
- Katznelson, S. D. To the concept of types of valency / S. D. Katznelson // Questions of linguistics. - 1987. - No. 3. - S. 20—32.
- Apresyan, Yu. D. An experimental study of the semantics of the Russian verb / Yu. D. Apresyan. - M .: Nauka, 1967 .-- 256 s.
- Apresyan, Yu. D. Studies in semantics and lexicography: in 2 volumes / Yu. D. Apresyan. - M .: Languages of Slavic cultures, 2009. - T. 1: Paradigmatics. - 568 p.
- Apresyan, Yu. D. Selected works: Lexical semantics (synonymous means of language) / Yu. D. Apresyan. - 2 ed., Rev. and add. - M .: Languages of Russian culture, 1995. - 472 p.
- Abramov, B.A. Syntactic Potencies of the Verb / B.A. Abramov // Philological Sciences. - 1966. - No. 3. - S. 34–44.
- Kotelova, N.Z. The meaning of a word and its compatibility (to formalization in linguistics) / N.Z. Kotelova. - L .: Nauka, 1975 .-- 164 p.
- Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ed. V. N. Yartseva; Institute of Linguistics, USSR Academy of Sciences. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990. - 682 p.
- Plungyan, V. A. General morphology: Introduction to the problems: Textbook / V. A. Plungyan. - 2nd ed., Rev. and add. - M .: URSS editorial, 2003 .-- 384 p.
- Semiotics and computer science. Collection of scientific articles. Vol. 36. - M .: Russian dictionaries, 1998.
- Testelets, Ya. G. Introduction to the general syntax / Ya. G. Testelets. - M.: Publishing House of the Russian State Humanitarian University, 2001. - 800 p.