Studbook

Tribal books are closed and open. Only purebred animals, whose ancestors have already been included in tribal books, are recorded in closed pedigree books. The American Kennel Club is an example of a kennel club with mostly closed dog books. A closed breeding book allows the breed to remain very clean for its type, but limits its ability to improve. This can put the breed at a disadvantage, especially in performance disciplines, where the animal costs more if it competes successfully, even if it is not clean. It also limits the gene pool, which can create certain problems when undesirable characteristics become accentuated in the breed, for example, poor conformational error or disease. Some closed breeding books, especially for some European breeds, such as Finnish horse and trakehner , may also have a set of selection criteria in which animals must meet either the conformation standard, or the performance standard, or both. ^{[1] [2]}

In open breeding books they record both purebred animals and high-blood hybrids (separately). Tribal books are published by livestock breeders' societies, in some countries by state bodies. In the USSR (unlike most capitalist countries), all the tribal books were state (holding) and open, they were conducted by inspectorates of the USSR Ministry of Agriculture and the Union Republics and regional (regional) departments. Requirements for writing to the stud book correspond to the 1st grade standard. The best animals recorded in the breeding book, contribute to the book of highly productive animals (CR). On the animals recorded in the breeding book, a certificate is issued, in accordance with which the value of the animal and its offspring is increased.

In an open breeding book, animals can be registered, even if their parents or earlier ancestors have not previously been registered with this particular organization. A normally open breeding book has strict selection criteria that require an animal to meet a specific standard of form, performance, or both. This allows breeders to modify breeds, including in them those individuals that meet the breed standard, but are of external origin. Some horse breeds allow hybridization of hybrids that meet certain criteria. One example is the semi-open breeding book of the American riding horse, which still accepts purebred horses. In some agricultural breeds, an otherwise closed register includes a sorting direction to include crossed animals. Often this inclusion is limited to females, and the offspring is accepted as full breed animals only after several generations from full-blooded males. Such mechanisms may also allow the inclusion of purebred animals originating from unregistered livestock or of unspecified origin. ^[3]

More open discussion are such open breeding books in which there are very few or no characteristics for animals other than one feature, such as “suit of the breed,” especially when the suit is not a true breeding characteristic. However, some breeds have a standard suit or suit preference, which is one of the criteria among others used to register animals.

Animals are usually registered by their breeders when they are still young. The terms breeding book and register are also used to designate lists of male animals that actively breed, unlike all known specimens of this breed. Such registries usually issue certificates for each registered animal, called pedigree, documentation for pedigreed animals or, most often, the “papers” of animals. Registration documents may consist of a simple certificate or a list of ancestors on the background of an animal, sometimes with a diagram showing the origin ^[3] .

There are breeding books and breed clubs for several types of animals, such as dogs, horses, cows and cats. The American Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) also stores breeding books for living animals, ranging from anteaters to zebras. ^[four]

Dog kennels always keep breeding books, directly or through affiliated dog clubs. Some multi-breed clubs also run tribal books. There are several registries maintained by other private organizations, such as insurance agencies. An example of this in the United States is the Field Dog Stud Book. Service dogs organizations also keep breeding books. There are also organizations allegedly leading pedigree books, but in reality they are poorly veiled marketing devices for puppy vendors and adult dogs, as well as means of collecting registration fees from novice dog owners who are not familiar with reputable registries and breed clubs. ^[5] Although these organizations are usually engaged in dogs, namely cooperation with the production of puppies, some of them are presented as registers of cats. At least one group claims to register wild species (owned by individuals, not legal zoological parks).

Horse breeding also has such problematic breeding books, especially for certain kinds of breeds. Although many suits of the breed are legal, some “registries” are primarily a marketing tool for selling low-quality animals that are not accepted for registration by recognized organizations. Other “registries” are marketing attempts to create new breeds of horses, usually undertaken by breeders using a cross to create a new type.

Many such questionable registries are registered as commercial enterprises, in contrast to the formal non-commercial status of most reputable breed clubs. They can provide wholesale discounts when registering animals by commercial dog breeders, puppy manufacturers. Bad faith registration of dogs or horses is often determined by policies that generally do not require any evidence of pedigree. In the dog world, such registries cannot sponsor competitions and, therefore, cannot award championship points to determine the best individuals registered in a particular breed. In the less organized world of equestrian exhibitions, where there are many different sanctioning organizations, some groups sponsor their own competitions, although victories at such events rarely have great prestige in main circles. Some tribal books use the word “registry” in the title to mean “list”; these objects are not registers in the usual sense in the sense that they do not record breeding. In the dog world, the list of animals must be sexless. The American Register of mixed breeds ( AMBOR ) is an example. Some equestrian organizations create a registration system to keep track of horse competition records, but although horses of either sex can be registered, they also do not keep records of breeding or offspring. The US Equestrian Federation is an organization that uses such a system. ^[3]

Some open or partially open breeding books may allow the introduction of animals that have some, but not all qualities, for full registration in the pre-registration system, often referred to as a supplement to the registry. Most notable is the Association of American Riding Horses, which allows you to register and exhibit half-breed foals and give them full registration after the horse reaches a given performance or standard quality similar to the registry requirements. Other registry applications are found in some other horse breeds, such as Appaloosa , American Painthorse, and American Cream Horse , where foals are born with the correct pedigree for registration, but do not meet the breeding standard. However, they can still carry the necessary genetics in a minimally expressed form, so they can be registered and get offspring eligible for registration if they meet the breed standard.

Another form of open registry is a registry based on qualities or compliance, called in some societies the Register of Merit. In such registers, a qualified animal that meets certain criteria has the right to be registered according to merit, regardless of origin. In some cases, even unknown or undocumented origin may be permitted.

The register of merit may be tied to the percentage of blood, structure, or by quality, or may be based solely on qualities.

In the world of horses, many breed organizations require compliance in structure and appearance for registration, and they often qualify horses of different breeds, although documented pedigrees are usually required. Some breed registries use a deserved register form in which horses at certain shows can be classified according to their appearance. For example, at qualifying shows in Australia, victorious breeding horses get points for the structure, which are confirmed by the judges and entered into a special book of the owner. Points are accumulated to ultimately lead to the register of merit.

Registration of merit is widespread in the shepherd dog registries, in particular, in the Border Collie and some other breeds with a greater emphasis on performance. In this type of registry on merit, the shape and origin of the dog usually do not matter.

From tribal books usually issue certificates for each registered animal, called pedigree, documentation for pedigreed animals or, most often, the "papers" of animals. Registration documents may consist of a simple certificate or a list of ancestors against the background of an animal, sometimes with a diagram showing the origin. Usually, there is a place for listing the sequence of owners who must sign and date the document if the animal is donated, leased or sold. Documents submitted during the sale of an animal may be sent to the registry to update the owner information, and in most cases a new set of documents will be issued in the registry, in which the new owner will be listed as the current owner of the horse. Authentic documents can often be found by the content in them of the name and number of an individual animal, the date of its birth, the name of the certifying organization with the logo, if any, the name and signature of the registrar or other authorized person, as well as the company stamp or seal.

Information usually attached to registration certificates or documents includes:

• father and mother name
• the names of other ancestors, by the number of generations required by the issuing organization
• in dogs the details of the litter from which this animal was obtained
• animal color and markings
• breeder's name, address and registered number (often the owner of the female during conception or birth of an animal)
• the name and address of the original owner who registered the animal.

Registration documents are sometimes used as evidence of title, although legally they are not, as opposed to registration documents for vehicles and aircraft. ^[6]

In some registries, breeders can apply for permission to cross animals with members of other breeds in order to emphasize certain characteristics, to save the breed from extinction or to alleviate problems that have arisen in the breed due to inbreeding with a limited set of animals. A related breed conservation method is a cross used by some horse and dog registries, in which previously crossed individuals mate with purebreds to eliminate unwanted traits acquired as a result of crossing.

The naming rules vary depending on the type and breed that are registered. For example, show horses have a registered name, that is, the name under which they are registered as purebred with the corresponding registration of the breed. Purebred dogs intended for sports show must be registered in the kennel club in which they will be displayed. And although there are no special requirements for naming, there are many traditions that can be observed when naming. Along with the registered name, these animals also have a simpler “home name”, known as a call sign for dogs or a stable name for horses, which is used by their owners or trainers when talking to an animal. For example, the famous thoroughbred racehorse Man o 'War was known by the stable name Big Red. The name can be anything that the owner of the animal prefers. For example, a dog that won the Westminster Show (USA) in 2008 was named K-Run's Park Me In First with the nickname “Uno”.

Dogs in the registry of breeds of a working dogs club (in particular, herding dogs) usually must have simple, non-awkward nicknames that are considered to be “working dog names”, such as “Pal”, “Blackie” or “Ginger”. Naming rules for independent canine clubs vary, but tend to resemble kennel clubs. The registered name often refers directly or indirectly to the breeder of the animal. Traditionally, the kennel prefix is ​​the first part of the registered name of the dog. For example, all dogs raised in Gold Mine kennels will have names beginning with the words Gold Mine. Horse breeders usually do not need to do this, but often they consider it a good form of commercial advancement to include the name of a stable or farm initials in the horse's name. For example, in the Gold Mine stables you can name the names of all horses with the prefix "Gold Mine", "GM" or "GMS". A jockey club that registers full-blooded animals requires registering the names of the stable, but does not require their use in animal names.

Many dog ​​breeders call their puppies consistently based on litter identification: puppy groups can be organized like litter A, litter B, and so on. When this is done, the names of all puppies in litter A begin with the letter “A”, then “B” for litter B, and so on. Horse breeders, especially in Europe, sometimes use the first letter of the mother’s name as the first letter in the name of all her descendants. Other breeders can use the same first letter to designate all foals born on the farm in a given year.

Some breeders come up with a name that includes the names of the father, mother, or other ancestors. For example, the famous steed Doc O'Lena was descended from Doc Bar and Poco Lena, and was the daughter of Poco Bueno. Some names are a little less direct. Kentucky Derby winner in 2003 Funny Cide was from Distorted Humor and Belle's Good Cide. The famous race horse Native Dancer was from Polynesian and Geisha.

Other breeders use themes. For example, the more inventive breeder in Gold Mine kennels can name all the puppies of one litter in honor of green gems: Gold Mine Emerald, Gold Mine Jade and Gold Mine Peridot. Titles for a subsequent litter may begin with adjectives describing gems: Gold Mine Sparkle, Gold Mine Brilliance and Gold Mine Chatoyant. Breeders can be as creative as they wish.

To minimize the bulkiness that long and fancy names can bring, registries usually limit the total number of characters, and sometimes the number of individual words, which can be the registered name of an animal. They are often forbidden to use only punctuation or a strange order of capital letters to create a unique name. Names are often spelled with all caps in registration documents. Breeders are generally not allowed to use any name that may be obscene or misleading, such as the word "champion" in the name, trademark, or anything that may be mistaken for the name of another nursery or, sometimes, a stable . Only after the animal has reached a legal primacy, some registries will allow the use of the prefix Ch. or another title before or after their registered name. Some registries may use symbols to indicate the status of certain individuals. An asterisk * can be used to denote an animal born in another country and imported. Plus + can be used to designate a champion or an animal with a special registration status.

• Tribal business

• I.M. Klochko. Studbook. // Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia : in 12 volumes = Ukrainian radyanskaya entsiklopediya (Ukrainian) / For ed. M. Bazhana . - 2nd view. - K .: Goal. Editorial URE, 1974-1985.