Kutto (also kupto ; English kutto, kupto, kúttò ; self-name: kúttò ) is a Chadian language spoken in northeastern Nigeria . It is part of the Bole-Tangale group of the West Chadian language branch [3] [4] [5] . The number of speakers is about 3,000 (1995). The language is not written [2] .
| Kutto | |
|---|---|
| Self name | kúttò [1] |
| Countries | Nigeria |
| Regions | Gombe State ( region ); yobe state ( district ) |
| Total number of speakers | 3,000 people (1995) [2] |
| Classification | |
| Category | African languages |
Afrasian macro family
| |
| Language Codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | - |
| ISO 639-2 | - |
| ISO 639-3 | kpa |
| Ethnologue | |
| ELCat | |
| IETF | |
| Glottolog | |
Content
- 1 Classification
- 2 Linguogeography
- 2.1 Range and abundance
- 2.2 Sociolinguistic information
- 3 notes
- 4 Literature
- 5 Links
Classification
According to the classification of the Chadian languages proposed by the American linguist , the Kutto (Kupto) language, together with the languages Bele , Bole (Bolanchi) , Deno ( cubes ), Galambu , Hera , Gerum , Kanakuru (Dera) , Karekare , Kirfi , kwami , maha , ngamo , feather , piya (vurkum) and tangale belongs to the Bole group of the West Chadian language branch [3] (in other classifications, including the classification published in the linguistic encyclopedic dictionary in the article by V. Ya. Porkhomovsky “Chadian Languages”, This group is mentioned under the name Bole-Thang, Whether Bole-tangale) [6] . According to the research of Paul Newman, within the Bole group (or A.2), the kutto language is included in the cluster of languages of the tangal proper of the tangale subgroup, while the group itself is included in the sub-branch of the Western Chadian languages A [7] . This classification is given, in particular, in the reference book of the languages of the world Ethnologue [8] .
The world languages provides a more detailed classification of the languages of the Tangale subgroup, based on the work of Ulrike Tsoh and Paul Newman. In it, the Kutto language, together with the Kwami language, is assigned to the Kwami-Kupto cluster, which in turn is consistently included in the following language associations: Tangale-Kwami-Kupto languages, Tangale proper languages and Tangale languages. The latter, together with the Bole languages, make up the group of West Chadian languages A A.2 [7] [9] [10] .
In the classification of the Afrasian languages of the British linguist Roger Blench , a different version of the composition of the languages of the Tangale subgroup and a different point of view on the place of this subgroup in the West Chadian branch of the languages are proposed. According to this classification, the kutto language together with the languages kwami, feather, piya-konchoni (piya), kholok , nyam , kushi (goji) and tangale forms a linguistic unity that is included in the union “b” (southern Bole) subgroups of the Bole group of the Bole-ngas group sub-branches of the Western Chadian languages A [4] [11] .
Linguogeography
Range and abundance
The Kutto language distribution area is located in northeastern Nigeria in the states of Gombe (in the region ) and Yobe (in the region ) - north of the Dadin Cova reservoir. According to Roger Blench, Kutto native speakers live in two villages in the region [1] [2] .
The area of Kutto is surrounded by areas of closely related West Chadian languages . In the east, the area of distribution of the Kutto language borders on the area of the Mach language, in the west - on the area of the Bole language. To the south of the Kutto area beyond the Dadin-Kova reservoir, the area of the Central Chadian language tera is located [12] [13] .
The number of native speakers of the kutto language according to 1995 was 3000 people [1] [2] . According to modern estimates of the website, the number of speakers of this language is 5000 people (2017) [14] .
Sociolinguistic information
According to the site of Ethnologue , according to the Ethnologue website, the kutto language refers to the so-called stable or stable languages, which implies the use of this language in oral everyday communication by representatives of the kutto ethnic community of all generations, including children. Meanwhile, in Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages, Kuttos are among the endangered languages that are actively supplanted by the Hausa language [15] . The kutto language does not have a standard form . By religion, representatives of the ethnic community of Kutto are mainly Muslims , some of the Kutto adhere to traditional beliefs, there are also Christians [2] [14] .
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 Blench, Roger. 3rd. Edition: An Atlas of Nigerian Languages ( pdf) P. 55. Cambridge: Roger Blench Website. Publications (2012). Archived on November 28, 2016. (Retrieved January 17, 2017)
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, Charles D. Fennig: Kutto. A language of Nigeria . Ethnologue: Languages of the World (19th Edition) . Dallas: SIL International (2016). Archived January 3, 2017. (Retrieved January 17, 2017)
- ↑ 1 2 36. Hausa and the Chadic Languages // The World's Major Languages / Edited by Bernard Comrie . - Second Edition. - London: Routledge , 2009. - P. 619 - Table 36.1 The Chadic Language Family (Inventory and Classification). - ISBN 0-203-30152-8 .
- ↑ 1 2 Blench, Roger. The Afro-Asiatic Languages. Classification and Reference List (pdf) P. 4-6. Cambridge: Roger Blench Website. Publications (2006). Archived May 23, 2013. (Retrieved January 17, 2017)
- ↑ Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, Charles D. Fennig: Afro-Asiatic. Chadic. West. AA2. Tangale. Tangale Proper . Ethnologue: Languages of the World (19th Edition) . Dallas: SIL International (2016). Archived January 3, 2017. (Retrieved January 17, 2017)
- ↑ Porhomovsky V. Ya. Chad Languages // Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary / Editor-in-chief V. N. Yartseva . - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1990 .-- 685 p. - ISBN 5-85270-031-2 .
- ↑ 1 2 . Chadic classification and reconstructions // Afroasiatic linguistics. - 1977. - Vol. 5, No. 1 . - P. 1–42.
- ↑ Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, Charles D. Fennig: Afro-Asiatic. Chadic. West Ethnologue: Languages of the World (19th Edition) . Dallas: SIL International (2016). Archived November 27, 2016. (Retrieved January 17, 2017)
- ↑ Zoch, Ulrike. Verbalmorphologie der Bole-Tangale-Sprachen (Westtschadisch, Nordostnigeria). (Schriften zur Afrikanistik, 22). - Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2014 .-- 320 S.
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald & Forkel, Robert & Haspelmath, Martin & Bank, Sebastian: Language: Kutto . . Jena: (2016). Archived January 17, 2017. (Retrieved January 17, 2017)
- ↑ Blench, Roger. 3rd. Edition: An Atlas of Nigerian Languages (English) (pdf) P. 55, 100-102. Cambridge: Roger Blench Website. Publications (2012). Archived on November 28, 2016. (Retrieved January 17, 2017)
- ↑ Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, Charles D. Fennig: Nigeria, Map 4 . Ethnologue: Languages of the World (19th Edition) . Dallas: SIL International (2016). Archived December 13, 2016. (Retrieved January 17, 2017)
- ↑ Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, Charles D. Fennig: Nigeria, Map 5 . Ethnologue: Languages of the World (19th Edition) . Dallas: SIL International (2016). Archived January 17, 2017. (Retrieved January 17, 2017)
- ↑ 1 2 Kupto in Nigeria . (2017). Archived January 4, 2017. (Retrieved January 17, 2017)
- ↑ Dimmendaal, Gerrit J .; Voeltz, FK Erhard. Africa // Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages / edited by Christopher Moseley. - London: Routledge , 2007. - P. 619. - xvi + 669 p. - ISBN 978-0-7007-1197-0 .
Literature
- Leger, Rudolf. Monoradical verbs in Kupto // Études tchadiques: verbes monoradicaux / and Tourneux, H. (eds.). - Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner pour la Laboratoire de Langues et Civilizations à Tradition Orale (LACITO), 1990 .-- P. 15-18.
- Leger, Rudolf. Sprachproben aus dem Westtschadischen: Kupto- und Kwami-Texte // Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere (AAP). 28. - 1991. - S. 5—32.
- Leger, Rudolf. Grammatische Analyse einer Herkunftserzählung der Kupto // Frankfurter afrikanistische Blätter. 3. - 1991. - S. 78-93.
- Leger, Rudolf. Grammatical gender in some southern Bole-Tangale languages: Kwami, Kupto, Kushi and Piya // Africa, society, culture and languages. - Moscow: Institute of African Studies, 1998. - P. 204-216.
Links
- Kutto (English) (html). MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships (2009). Archived July 4, 2013. (Retrieved January 17, 2017)
- OLAC resources in and about the Kutto language . Language-archives.org. Archived January 17, 2017. (Retrieved January 17, 2017)
- Kupto (English) (html). . Archived January 4, 2017. (Retrieved January 17, 2017)
- Words of Life - Kupto (English) (html). . - Short audio Bible stories, evangelistic messages and may include songs and music. Archived January 17, 2017. (Retrieved January 17, 2017)