Beele (also bele , bellava ; English àbéélé, bele, bellawa, ɓeele ; self-name: àɓéelé ) is one of the languages of the West Chadian branch of the Chadian family [3] [4] [5] . Distributed in the central regions of Nigeria . Closest to the Bole language. The number of speakers is about 400 people [2] . The language is not written [6] .
| Beel | |
|---|---|
| Self name | àɓéelé [1] |
| Countries | Nigeria |
| Regions | Bauchi State |
| Total number of speakers | 400 people [2] |
| Status | endangered |
| Classification | |
| Category | African languages |
Afrasian macro family
| |
| Language Codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | - |
| ISO 639-2 | - |
| ISO 639-3 | bxq |
| Ethnologue | |
| ELCat | |
| IETF | |
| Glottolog | |
Content
- 1 Classification
- 2 General information
- 3 notes
- 4 Literature
- 5 Links
Classification
According to the classification of Chadian languages proposed by the American linguist , the Bele (Bele) language, together with the Bole (Bolanchi) , Deno ( Cubes ), Galambu , Gera , Gerum , Kanakuru (Dera) , Karekare , Kirfi , Kupto , kwami , maha , ngamo , feather , piyya (vurkum) and tangale are included in the Bole group of the West Chadian language branch [3] (in other classifications, including the classification published in the linguistic encyclopedic dictionary in the article by V. Ya. Porhomovsky “Chadian Languages”, This group is mentioned under the name Bole-Thang, Whether Bole-tangale) [7] . According to the research of Paul Newman, within the Bole group (or A.2), the Beel language belongs to the cluster of languages of the Bole subgroup itself ; the group itself is included in the sub-branch of the Western Chadian languages A [8] . This classification is given, in particular, in the reference book of the languages of the world Ethnologue [9] .
A more detailed classification of the languages of the Bole subgroup, compiled by Russell Schuch, is published in the database of the world language . In it, the Beele language is assigned to the Beanchi-Bele cluster, which, in turn, is consistently included in the following language associations: Ngamo-Bele languages, Kirfi-Bele languages, Galambu-Bele languages, Bole nuclear languages, and Bole languages. The latter, together with the Tangale languages, make up the group of West Chadian languages A A.2 [10] [11] .
In the classifications of the Afrasian languages of the Czech linguist Vaclav Blazhek and the British linguist Roger Blench , different variants of the composition of the languages of the subgroup Bole and a different point of view on the place of this subgroup within the West Chadian branch of the languages are offered. Thus, in the classification of Vaclav Blazhek, the Bele language (Beele) is included in the subgroup of Bole-Tangale languages, which includes two language associations: the first together with Beele includes Bole, Ngamo, Maha, Hera, Kirfi, Halamba, Karekare, Gerum, Deno languages , cubes, in the second - the languages of tangal and dera. The subgroup Bole-Tangale together with the Angassian subgroup in this classification are part of the Bole Angassian group, which in turn is part of one of the two sub-branches of the West Chadian language branch [12] . In the classification of Roger Blench, the Beele language together with the Bole, Ngamo and Maaka (Maha) languages forms a linguistic unity, which is part of the union “a” (Northern Bole) of the Bole subgroup of the Bole-Ngas subgroup of Western Chadian languages A [4] [13] .
General information
The Beele language range is located in central Nigeria in Bauchi state, southeast of the Gongola River [6] . It includes several villages surrounded on all sides, except for the southeast, by the area of resettlement of native speakers of the closely related West Chadian language of the house . From the southeast, the area of the other Bead language of Daza is adjacent to the area of the Beele language [14] .
According to estimates of 1922, no more than 120 people spoke Beel [1] . According to modern estimates of the site, the number of Beele speakers is about 400 people (2016) [2] . According to Ethnologue , the Beel language is endangered . The number of speakers of this language is declining, the younger generation still speaks Beel, but the transmission of the language to children has already begun to be disrupted [6] .
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 Blench, Roger. 3rd. Edition: An Atlas of Nigerian Languages ( pdf) P. 15. Cambridge: Roger Blench Website. Publications (2012). Archived on November 28, 2016. (Retrieved December 18, 2016)
- ↑ 1 2 3 Beele in Nigeria . (2016). Archived January 18, 2017. (Retrieved December 18, 2016)
- ↑ 1 2 36. Hausa and the Chadic Languages // The World's Major Languages / Edited by Bernard Comrie . - Second Edition. - London: Routledge , 2009. - P. 619 - Table 36.1 The Chadic Language Family (Inventory and Classification). - ISBN 0-203-30152-8 .
- ↑ 1 2 Blench, Roger. The Afro-Asiatic Languages. Classification and Reference List (pdf) P. 4-6. Cambridge: Roger Blench Website. Publications (2006). Archived May 23, 2013. (Retrieved December 18, 2016)
- ↑ Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, Charles D. Fennig: Afro-Asiatic. Chadic. West. AA2. Bole. Bole Proper . Ethnologue: Languages of the World (19th Edition) . Dallas: SIL International (2016). Archived December 13, 2016. (Retrieved December 18, 2016)
- ↑ 1 2 3 Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, Charles D. Fennig: Beele. A language of Nigeria . Ethnologue: Languages of the World (19th Edition) . Dallas: SIL International (2016). Archived December 18, 2016. (Retrieved December 18, 2016)
- ↑ Porhomovsky V. Ya. Chad Languages // Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary / Editor-in-chief V. N. Yartseva . - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1990 .-- 685 p. - ISBN 5-85270-031-2 . Archived copy . Date of treatment December 18, 2016. Archived December 25, 2012.
- ↑ . Chadic classification and reconstructions // Afroasiatic linguistics. - 1977. - Vol. 5, No. 1 . - P. 1–42.
- ↑ Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, Charles D. Fennig: Afro-Asiatic. Chadic. West Ethnologue: Languages of the World (19th Edition) . Dallas: SIL International (2016). Archived November 27, 2016. (Retrieved December 18, 2016)
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald & Forkel, Robert & Haspelmath, Martin & Bank, Sebastian: Language: Beele . . Jena: (2016). (Retrieved December 18, 2016)
- ↑ Schuh, Russell G. Introduction in Bole-Tangale languages of the Bauchi area (Northern Nigeria). - Berlin: , 1978. - P. 1-16.
- ↑ Blažek, Václav. Jazyky Afriky v přehledu genetické klasifikace. Čadské jazyky (Czech) (pdf) S. 12. Masarykova univerzita . Filozofická fakulta (2009). Archived on June 7, 2013. (Retrieved December 18, 2016)
- ↑ Blench, Roger. 3rd. Edition: An Atlas of Nigerian Languages (English) (pdf) P. 15, 100-102. Cambridge: Roger Blench Website. Publications (2012). Archived on November 28, 2016. (Retrieved December 18, 2016)
- ↑ Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, Charles D. Fennig: Nigeria, Map 3 . Ethnologue: Languages of the World (19th Edition) . Dallas: SIL International (2016). (Retrieved December 18, 2016)
Literature
- Temple, O. Notes on the tribes, provinces, emirates and states of the northern provinces of Nigeria / edited by . - Cape Town: Argus, 1919 .-- xiii + 577 p. - ISBN 5-7695-1445-0 . Archived December 1, 2016. (Retrieved December 18, 2016)
- Schuh, Russell G. Bole-Tangale languages of the Bauchi area (Northern Nigeria). (Marburger Studien zur Afrika- und Asienkunde: Serie A: Afrika, 13.). - Berlin: , 1978. - xi + 159 p.
Links
- Beele (English) (html). MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships (2009). (Retrieved December 18, 2016)
- OLAC resources in and about the Beele language . Language-archives.org. (Retrieved December 18, 2016)