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Stenographic machine

Irland stenographic machine
Grandin's Shorthand Machine
Antonio Michela Zucco and his car

A stenographic machine ( stenographic machine , stenotypical machine , stenotype stenotype ) is a type of stenographer [1] [2] . Stenotypy - typing text on a shorthand machine [3] [4] [5] (corresponds to the term typing for typing on a typewriter).

The stenographic machine has several features. First, the chord keyboard . The keys are made of smooth durable material and usually do not have letters. Secondly, the result of the set is a narrow paper tape, on which one chord is placed on one line. Thirdly, the number of keys on a typewriter is significantly less than the letters in the alphabet. Therefore, some letters are indicated by combinations of several other letters.. Fourth, and most importantly, for each type of machine, there should be simple, logical and convenient rules for transcribing words.

One should distinguish between the problem of creating a machine, the choice of keyboard layout for a machine, and the creation of word abbreviations for a given language . In order for the stenographic machine to become used by professionals, the inventor had to more or less successfully solve all three problems. Since it was rather difficult to do, the number of attempts and inventions is measured in many dozens.

Currently, there are three types of shorthand machines: the Warda Stone Irland machine, which is easily identified by the four keys in the bottom row of the keyboard [* 1] ; Mark Grunge's machine, the keyboard of which is distinguished by axial symmetry [* 2] and characteristic fracture; and the machine of Professor Antonio Mykula Zuko, which has a piano keyboard and looks like a small harpsichord.

In spite of the fact that stenographic machines have a certain national binding [* 3] , they can be used for shorthand in other languages, having changed the layout. For example, in Spain, where there is no “national” model of the stenographic machine, the machines of Ireland and Grandjin are used and compete with each other.

The set of rules for the reduction of words for a given shorthand machine and a given language is called the method of stenotypy. For the same machine model and language, there may be several such methods [* 4] . In addition, the stenographer has the right to use his cuts in his work, eventually developing his own method [* 5] .

In the late 70s of the 20th century, the first prototypes of electronic verbatim typewriters appeared in which the transcript was performed on the fly using special software [9] . Further development led to devices with small screens, built-in and / or external memory, embedded dictionaries for decryption and, of course, the possibility of direct communication with the computer. If by the beginning of the 60s in the USA, stenotypy completely supplanted the manual shorthand [10] [* 6] , then by the beginning of the millennium the electronic stenotype forced out the mechanical [* 7] .

Stenographic machines have a rather high price [* 8] , much higher than the cost of a personal computer. This can be explained by several reasons. First, the effect of scale , since the number of consumers of this product is much less than the number of owners of personal computers. Secondly, high quality and reliability of shorthand machines, since they are used mainly by professionals and in responsible jobs where breakdowns are unacceptable. And thirdly, the fact that for their owners stenographic machines are usually a means of labor , and buying them is an investment , therefore the buyer can spend on the stenographic machine a little more than on any device for entertainment and recreation, based on future income . In response to the high cost, there are projects to create inexpensive devices and free software for practicing shorthand [* 9] .

History of Stenotyping

The history of stenographic machines begins in 1827 in France, where in the city of Clermont-Ferrand is a professor at De Clermont College, a teacher of Latin , Greek , rhetoric , mechanics and cosmography , and also the librarian of Auvergne [16] invents the first known variant similar devices. It should be noted that the entire XIX century was marked by a surge of inventions of various writing utensils [* 10] . Most of these prototypes have never been claimed, and now it is of interest only to historians of technology. The same fate befell the car of Gonod: the author made a report on it at the Academy of the city, after which the car was forgotten [20] .

In Germany, in the early 1820s, Baron Karl Drez created a model of a 25-key typewriter for his father, who was blind, [18] . By 1827, the need for a typewriter was no longer necessary, and Drez converted it into a 16-key shorthand machine [19] . As well as the invention of Gonod, the Dreza variant was not widespread.

At about the same time as Drèze [* 11] , the Italian inventor decides to create a machine that will be “able to keep up with the words of the speaker”. A few years later, he ran with his beloved from his native Chilavagni to Paris , where on August 10, 1827, the Academy presented two devices of his own design — a tacheograph ( Italian. Tacheografo ) and a tacheotype ( Italian. Tacheotipo ) [22] . In connection with the loss of documents it is not clear how one machine differed from another [23] . In any case, Konti's inventions were not successful.

However, they inspired other inventors. In 1831, the Italian philosopher , writer , polyglot and inventor presented his car [24] [25] .

English Stenotyping

  
Stenographer M. Bartolomyu, 1888, and drawing of its central hub

Stenotypy in the English-speaking countries is the most developed, which is associated with the success of mechanization of shorthand, primarily in the United States. Here, the ancestor of the method is considered Miles Bartholomyu , who invented in 1877, and in 1879 perfected and received a patent [26] for his stenographic machine [* 12] .

Bartholomew Machine

Formally, it was a 10-key model, where each finger of both hands became its permanent place. In reality (as can be seen in the drawing), the keys' levers were pairwise connected — fifth from the right to fifth from the left, fourth from the fourth, and so on — and the de facto model was 5-key. When you press a key on a narrow paper tape, a trace remains - in the early models an ink stroke, and later just an extruded indentation. Just a line on the tape was removed 5 strokes (grooves). Each letter of the alphabet (as well as some combinations of letters) was encoded by the “bar-pass” system. For example, if the stroke is indicated by the letter “-”, and the pass (no stroke) is “⎵”, then the Latin letter “A” is indicated by the combination “ –⎵––– ”, “B” - “ –⎵⎵⎵– ”, “ C ”-“ ⎵⎵–⎵– ”, etc. [* 13]

In order to start working with Bartholomew's typewriter, the user had to place his fingers on the keyboard, and then, each time changing his percussion hand, press the corresponding “chords”, typing letter by letter. Acceleration of printing in comparison with the typewriter was achieved due to the fact that it was not necessary to change the position of the hands, and also because of the possibility to prepare pressing the next letter, still typing the previous one. This last skill was considered key. In addition, the inventor assumed the use of the machine by professionals (as he himself was a professional stenographer), which meant the use of the system of abbreviations used in handwritten shorthand [* 14] . As a result, the recording of one word required 2-3 “chords” [29] .

Bartholomew's car found both its supporters and opponents. The former argued that it changes the focus of attention of the stenographer, shifting it from paper to the speaker’s face (which may be important for court clerks) [30] . Opponents, however, blamed the fact that for one chord the machine writes only one letter (without arguing, however, that the speed of machine shorthand becomes lower than manual) [31] . In general, the Bartholomew car had its modest success [* 15] . Collectors claim that the total number of all models (which had through numbering) does not exceed 4000 [32] . There are reports in the sources that 60 years after the invention (in 1937) the court secretaries still used the machines [33] . However, Bartholomew's stenographer had its flaws, which George Kerr Anderson undertook to correct.

Anderson Machine

Ireland Machine

  
The layout of the English-language stenographic machine
An example of a transcript of an arbitrary phrase
  
Bas-relief of Pietro Konti by Giovanni Battista Alloati
Stenographer for a modern typewriter with Ireland keyboard

Let's give an example . The double image (left in a pair) shows the keyboard layout of a modern English stenographic machine [* 16] . It is seen that the letter “B” is located on the right side of the keyboard (relative to the central key). Consequently, if this letter in the next word is at its end, then it can be shaded by using its own symbol. But if “B” comes at the beginning of a word, then you would have to divide it into two chords: in the first one, press only the letter “B”, and in the next one try to encrypt the rest. This is not rational, therefore the letter “B” at the beginning of the word is transmitted by a combination of two letters - “PW”. There are many such conventions: “D” at the beginning of the word is replaced with “TK”, “K” at the end of the word is replaced with “BG”, “J” [* 17] at the beginning of the word is encrypted with the “SKWR” chord, and at the end of the word “PBLG " [34]. A general summary of all such rules is the basis of the stenotypy method. There are three common methods for English: StenEd Theory , Phoenix Theory and Magnum Steno Theory [* 18] .

Equipped with a typewriter and knowing one of the working methods, the stenographer (or stenotypist ) can work with significant dictation speeds of English texts. Standard tests for North American court clerks and operators of synchronous subtitles [* 19] require very high typing accuracy at speeds of 180, 200 and 225 words per minute [35] (which corresponds to speeds of English speech) [* 20] . Record registered by the Official California Association of Court Clerks is 375 words per minute [37] [* 21] .

Stenotypy is common in almost all English-speaking countries [38] .

Stenotyping in other languages

Non-English stenotypii has much more modest results. Despite the fact that the first stenographic machine was invented by the Frenchman in 1827, it did not have any meaningful continuation. The next attempt, more successful, was made by in 1909. In 1923, together with his wife, he organized a company that still exists, but this invention did not have such success as in the USA [39] . Reasons include the spelling complexity of the French language.

Italian is spelling simple. For fifty years after Benoit Gonod in Italy, there were three unsuccessful attempts to create a popular shorthand machine, while the fourth failed in 1878. Professor Antonio Michela Zucco presented his "Michele's car" (and the transcribing method) at the World Exhibition in Paris . The main feature of the machine Mikela - piano keyboard . Two years later, this stenographic machine was successfully presented in the Italian Parliament and the Senate . As a result, right up to our times, that is, more than 100 years, the machine and method of Michela are used in the Italian Senate. Over the century, stenographers have worked well for the rules of fast writing, so they compete on equal terms with the machines of other systems at various international competitions [* 22] [* 23] .

In addition to the method of Michela in Italy, there were two others - the Melanie method , based on the keyboard of Ireland and the Gornati method , based on the 50-key keyboard [* 24] . After Olivetti discontinued its shorthand terminals, the Gornati method gradually became a thing of the past. The machines working on the Melanie method are actively produced and compete with the method of Mikel. They are also being introduced in other countries [* 25] .

Despite a significant history, stenotypii in Italy was not very popular. The case of the Senate was an exception confirming the rule. An attempt to introduce stenotypii on the basis of a Grangin machine in the 60s failed [43] . And only a century after the invention of the machine, Michela, in 1978, the commission on the reform of the criminal procedure legislation of Italy, having been on excursions in the USA and having been impressed by the scale and results of the use of stenotypy, made appropriate amendments to the legislation. By 1980, Professor Marcello Melanie from Florence had developed the eponymous method of transcribing on an Irland typewriter. Only after this, driven on the one hand by the law, and on the other by the development of video electronics and computer technologies, has the stenotype developed noticeably in Italy [44] .

In Spain, there is a competitive struggle between the machines of Ireland and the Grandgin. The first are used in the Ministry of Justice of Spain and, accordingly, the courts. The latter work in the Congress of Deputies , the Senate , the , the and other institutions.

See also

Notes

Comments

  1. ↑ Strictly speaking, the term “keyboard of Ireland” should be used, since the internal structure of shorthand machines has long had nothing to do with representatives of the first releases [6] .
  2. ↑ Grangin's car has two rows of five keys in each direction from the center.
  3. Ир Irland's car was invented in America, Grangin worked in France, and Michela's car was used mainly in Italy.
  4. ↑ So in the US at the moment there are three common methods of stenotypy [7] .
  5. ↑ For example, the Magnum Steno Theory method was developed by stenographer Mark Todd Kislingbury [8] .
  6. ↑ Ten years before that, in parallel with the courts of America, there were practices of manual stenographic recording of protocols and stenotypes [11] .
  7. ↑ You can view the recording of the screencast of the work on an electronic stenographic machine on the website of the Association of Court Clerks of California [12] .
  8. ↑ For example, the cost of Stenograph machines in the USA ranges from $ 1,595 (student model) [13] to $ 5295 [14] .
  9. ↑ You can use the Open Steno Project [15] or as an example.
  10. ↑ In 1802, a typewriter was created in Italy [17] ; 1821 - Karl Drez invents the typewriter in Germany [18] , which he then remakes into a 16-key stenotypical machine [19] ; 1823 - a new typewriter model was invented in Italy; 1827 - the stenotypical machine was created in France [16] ; 1831 - another stenotypical machine was invented in Italy; and so for more than a hundred years.
  11. ↑ Drez created his writing machine around 1821, but turned it into a stenotype only in 1827. Conti constructed a tachograph in 1823, but presented it to the scientific community in the same 1827 [21] .
  12. ↑ The following improvement was made in 1882 [27] . Some sources indicate the erroneous date - 1884 [28] .
  13. ↑ How it looked real can be found in sufficient detail, for example, by visiting the site of collector Martin Howard, 1999–2016 . On the "Stenograph 1 - first form" page in the subsection "Period Advertisement" there is a photo of an authentic alphabet and an example of a paper tape with bar ciphering.
  14. ↑ Learning shorthand comes down to two main aspects: the ability to accurately record a shorthand mark (that is, without extraneous curls) and the proper use of the system of abbreviations. In this situation, the shorthand machine completely removes the first problem - it becomes impossible to confuse or not understand the letter designations.
  15. ↑ Separately, it should be noted that the models on which paper holes were used to punch holes made it possible for visually impaired people to get respected and well-paid jobs.
  16. ↑ Ward Stone Irland typewriter. This keyboard layout is the most popular in the world. Easily determined at a glance by the four keys in the bottom row. The Grangin’s second most popular layout (or keyboard) is much less common and is distinguished by axial symmetry: two rows of five keys each side from the center.
  17. ↑ Which is not on the keyboard at all
  18. ↑ Within the encyclopaedic article there is no possibility to consider the differences between the methods, but those interested can be directed to the Phoenix Theory page in English, dedicated to various “theories” [7] .
  19. ↑ Or “subtitles on demand”, or hidden subtitles . In English, it is considered important to note whether the subtitles are visible to all or only to those who have caused the corresponding settings. At the same time, when it comes to on-demand subtitle operators, it is precisely the synchronous accompaniment of the video sequence that is meant, which naturally requires the use of transcribing.
  20. ↑ Everything said concerns the Russian language. In English, the rate of speech is determined by the values ​​180, 200 and 225 words per minute. Accordingly, the requirements for transcribing change. It can be said that the transcripts in English work close to the limit of physical abilities [36] .
  21. ↑ The creator of the Magnum Steno Theory method, Mark Tod Kislingbury, got into the Guinness Book of Records with a result of 360 words per minute with an accuracy of 97.23%. To do this, he had to make 4.8 chords per second, spending an average of 0.8 chords on writing one word [8] .
  22. ↑ And even win prizes, for example, in 1995 in Amsterdam [40] .
  23. ↑ The appearance of Michele’s car has changed slightly since the last century. Now it reminds not a small harpsichord, but a synthesizer broken in half.
  24. ↑ This keyboard is a modification of the Irland keyboard [41] .
  25. ↑ In countries with simple spelling letters - in Spain, Portugal, Greece, Israel and Russia [42] .

Sources

  1. ↑ Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978 , Definition of a stenographic machine: "... Stenographic machine ... [-] typewriter for shorthand ...".
  2. Тех Encyclopedia of Technology , Definition of a stenographic machine: "A stenographic machine is a typewriter with some design features intended for machine shorthand."
  3. У Ushakov's Dictionary , Definition of stenotypii: “... Stenotypii ... [-] A letter on a special, stenographic typewriter, printing syllables and whole words ...”.
  4. ↑ Efremova Explanatory Dictionary , Definition of stenotypii: "... [Stenotypii -] Recording of oral speech on a stenographic machine ...".
  5. ↑ Stenotyping in the library of Florence , Definition of the term: "... Sistema di scrittura veloce realizato special che che che che che che, che vengono impressi su una striscia di carta ...".
  6. ↑ Stenograph, 2016 , Firm Stenograph LLC for its models used only the keyboard of the machine Ireland, p. History of Writing Machines: "... Since then, the Stenograph has only been used for the Ireland keyboard ...".
  7. ↑ 1 2 Phoenix stenotypy method , On various methods of stenotypy.
  8. ↑ 1 2 Magnum Steno Method , Mark Kislingbury Record Information.
  9. ↑ History of stenotyping , Information on the beginning of the computerization of stenotyping: “... Alla fine degli anni 70 fu realizato ili primo prototipo di macchina elettronica che, con l'aiuto di uno anche per la macchina per stenografare ... ".
  10. ↑ History of stenotyping , A note on the replacement of shorthand by stenotyping: "... nel 1910 ottenne il brevetto ... e nel giro di una cinquantina di anni la stenotipia negli USA soppiantò la stenografia ...".
  11. ↑ Esteno Chile , Note on the transition from shorthand to stenotyping in the United States: “... Entre 1950 y 1960, en los tribunales norteamericanos convivieron los dos sistemas: taquigrafía y Estenotipia ...".
  12. ↑ Judicial Clerks Association ; Screencast of electronic shorthand in the subsection “Real-Time Steno”.
  13. ↑ Stenograph, 2016 , Lineup Wave, p. Writers.
  14. ↑ Stenograph, 2016 , Luminex Range, p. Writers.
  15. ↑ The Open Steno Project , The Official Website of The Open Steno Project.
  16. ↑ 1 2 Auvergne website , Brief biographical information on Benoit Gonod.
  17. ↑ Museo Scrivevo , On the invention of the typewriter in Italy: "... Agostino Fantoni l'invenzione di una macchina da scrivere già 1802 per la sorella Anna Carolina che era diventata cieca ...".
  18. 2 1 2 Biography of Karl Dresa, 2010 , Chapter on the writing and stenographic machine.
  19. ↑ 1 2 Dresse-route around Mannheim , In the section “Sternwarte” - Observatory: “... Nach seiner Rückkehr nach Mannheim im Jahre 1827 baute er seine Schnellschreibmaschine, eine Stenomaschine für 16 Zeichen ...”.
  20. ↑ History of stenotypia : "... La prima macchina per stenotipia, con annesso sistema ... [and to the end of the paragraph]".
  21. ↑ History of typewriters , Report on the tacheometer: "... Nel 1823 Pietro Conti costruì il Tachigrafo, prima scrivente a tasti e leve ...".
  22. ↑ Italian Encyclopedia and Colloquial Dictionary, 1838–1853 , Article about the profession of typesetter, at the end of which Conti's inventions are mentioned, p. 446: "... Ne si deve tacere, per debito di giustizia, che fino dal 1827 un nostro valente ingegnere, Pietro Conti, di Cilavegna, in Piemonte, ... [and hereinafter]."
  23. ↑ Italian Encyclopedia and Colloquial Dictionary, 1838–1853 , Article A tacheograph begins with the words: “Tacheometer or tacheotype ...”, implying that these are synonymous, p. 963.
  24. ↑ Gianfrancesco Rambelli, 1844 , From a letter shorthand, p. 151: “... Come il trovato del Conti nacque in celebre capitale di straniera nazione, cos quello di Celestino Galli di Carrénie Piemonte venne escogitato e praticato in Londra ov 'egli è insegnatore di pi lingue ... [hereinafter referred to].”
  25. ↑ History of stenotypia , On Michele's predecessors: “... In Italia precursori furono Celestino Galli (1831), Luigi Lamonica (1867), Isidoro Maggi (1871) ...”.
  26. ↑ US Patent 215,554, 1879 , Bartholomew's Patent for an improved machine.
  27. ↑ US Patent 255,910, 1882 , The next version of the Bartholomew stenographic machine.
  28. ↑ Stenograph, 2016 , p. History of Writing Machines: "... Improvements were later made in 1879 and 1884 ...".
  29. ↑ Darryl Rehr, 1991 , The penultimate paragraph in the right column, p. 3: "... In practice, the user is at the time ... [and to the end of the paragraph]".
  30. ↑ Darryl Rehr, 1991 , Right column, quotation, p. 4: "... Is the Stenograph a failure? Most emphatically no ... [and to the end of the quote]. "
  31. ↑ Darryl Rehr, 1991 , Left column, quotation, p. 4: “... Here, only a single letter is represented at a time, while the stenographer represents from one letter up to seven ... [and to the end of the quotation]."
  32. ↑ Darryl Rehr, 1991 , Left column, penultimate paragraph, p. 5: "... Serial numbers for Stenographs run into the 4000's, indicating a moderate popularity for the machine ...".
  33. ↑ Stenograph, 2016 , p. History of Writing Machines: "... It ... was used as late as 1937 by official reporters ...".
  34. ↑ Association of Court Clerks , Basics of the profession of court clerk.
  35. ↑ Subtitles on demand , In most states of the United States, court clerks must pass the test at speeds of 180, 200 and 225 words per minute: “...
  36. ↑ Subtitles on demand , Notes on the speed of English speech: "... The typical spoken word is between 180 and 200 wpm, and often it is 225 wpm ...".
  37. ↑ Association of Court Clerks : "... the present official record being 375 words a minute ...".
  38. ↑ History of stenotyping , Currently, the verbatim typewriter is widely used in the USA and almost all English-speaking countries: "... Attualmente la macchina Stenograph viene usata diffusamente negli USA e lingua inglese ...".
  39. ↑ History of stenotypia , About Mark Grangin’s typewriter: “In Francia, intorno al 1920, Marc Grandjean invento la macchina il metodo omonimo, ma non ebbe lo stesso successo della macchina americana”.
  40. ↑ Метод Микела , О победе на соревнованиях в Амстердаме: «… Proprio l'anno scorso un michelista ha conquistato il titolo di campione mondiale di stenografia a macchina (Amsterdam – Campionati Mondiali Intersteno 1995) e sono innumerevoli i successi riportati negli ultimi dieci anni…».
  41. ↑ Музей ИТЭТ, Италия , Страница, посвященная стенографической машинке, работающей на методе Горнати.
  42. ↑ Компьютеризированная стенотипия , О применении метода Мелани в мире, с. 3
  43. ↑ История стенотипии , О внедрении машинки Гранджина в Италии: «… Negli anni sessanta fu tentata la divulgazione anche in Italia, ma il tentativo fallì…».
  44. ↑ История стенотипии , Новые времена в истории стенотипии в Италии: «… In Italia, la grande diffusione e la lunga e positiva esperienza della stenotipia nei tribunali americani, indusse, nel 1978, la Commissione Ministeriale italiana… [и далее].».

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  • Stenograph [Электронный ресурс] : [ eng ] : [ arch. 15 октября 2016 ] : офиц. сайт. — 596 W. Lamont Road • Elmhurst, IL 60126 : Stenograph LLC, 2016. — Writers [ арх 10.08.2016] : Главная страница интернет-магазина фирмы Stenograph LLC, где продаются новые и б/у стенографические машины ; History of Writing Machines [ арх 13.08.2016] : История стенографических машин с точки зрения фирмы Stenograph LLC.
  • Antonio Luce. Typewriters - Le Macchine per Scrivere: the Inventor : [ арх. 13.08.2016 ] : [ итал. ] // Typewriter - La Macchina per Scrivere : официальный сайт. — Via Alberto Ascari, 224, 00142 Roma, Италия : Museo Scrivevo, 2012. — 5 dicembre. — Дата обращения: 13.08.2013. (Статья об изобретателе пишущей машинки в Италии на сайте Музея Письма.)
  • Edwige Nault. Lexique G : Gonod Benoit (1792 — 1849) : [ арх. 27.08.2013 ] : [ фр. ] // Cercle Terre d'Auvergne : сайт. — 11 Rue des Saulées, 63400 Chamalières, France, 2011. — 23 décembre. — Дата обращения: 14.08.2016. (Краеведческий сайт Оверни.)
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  • Bartholomew, M. Improvement [Текст] : US 215554 A : [ eng ] : [ arch. 13 декабря 2016 ] : пат. / M. Bartholomew. — Google Patents, 1879. — 20 May. — US Patent 215,554.
  • Andenson, George K. Stenographic-printing machine [Текст] : US 323286 A : [ eng ] : [ arch. 13 декабря 2016 ] : пат. / GK Andenson. — Google Patents, 1885. — 28 July. — US Patent 323,286.
  • Rehr, Darryl. Bartholomew and the Stenograph : [ eng ] : журн. Art. // ETCetera : журн. орг. коллекционеров / ed. Darryl Rehr. — Los Angeles, CA : ETCA, 1991. — № 16 (September). — P. 3—5. — 12, [1] p. : ч.—б. silt — ISSN 1062-9645 .

Links

  • Howard, Martin. The Collection : [ арх. 23 апреля 2016 ] : разд. сайта // Antique Typewriters [Электронный ресурс] : The Martin Howard Collection : [ eng ] : [ arch. 18 мая 2016 ] / Martin Howard. — Toronto, Canada : Martin Howard, 1999—2016. — Stenograph 1 - first form : Стенографическая машина Майлса Барто́ломью, выпущена фирмой United States Stenograph Co., St. Louis, Missouri в 1882 году : [ арх. 23 сентября 2016] ; Stenograph 1 - third form : Другой вариант стенографической машины Бартоломью, 1884 год : [ арх. 23 сентября 2016] ; Stenograph - for the blind : Вариант машины М. Бартоломью для слепых, 1888 [ арх. 23 сентября 2016].


Источник — https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Стенографическая_машина&oldid=97789614


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