Scorzoneroídes is a genus of flowering plants of the Compositae family, included in the tribe Hypochaeridinae of the subfamily Chicoryae .
| Scorzoneroides | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Kulbaba autumn , type species of the genus | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Scorzoneroides Moench , 1794 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Scorzoneroides autumnalis ( L. ) Moench , 1794 - Autumn Kulbaba | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mostly perennial plants with leafless stems carrying several baskets with yellow reed flowers.
Content
Botanical description
Perennial , rarely annual , rootless herbaceous plants with a milky juice. Stems - single stalks or among several, usually branched, bearing baskets, widened under the baskets, with small scale-like bracts [2] .
Leaves are basal, from almost entire, to dentate and pinnately dissected, naked or with more or less abundant simple hairs [2] .
Baskets of 1-7 or more on the peduncle, before opening, not wilted. The wrapper is multi-row, its leaves turn into bracts on the stem. The flowers are all bisexual, reed , yellow, marginal - with a red stripe on the outside of the corolla. Anthers are caudate, with an elongated apical process. The pestle is covered with short pubescence; the two lobes of the stigma are long and thin. The receptacle is flat, pubescent, not scaly [2] .
Fruits are cylindrical achenes with a single - row tuft of pinnate branching hairs. In some species, the marginal achenes are deprived of the tuft [3] .
The base numbers of the chromosomes are x = 5 and x = 6. Polyploids are known in two species, in particular, in the autumn culturum [3] .
Area
Representatives of the genus are common in Northern, Central and Western Europe, as well as in the Mediterranean and Western Asia [2] .
Title
The name Scorzoneroides was first used by Sebastian Vayan in 1721. It is formed from the name of another kind of plant in Turnefort - Scorzonera ( Kozelets ) - and other Greek. εἶδος - "appearance." The name Scorzonera is associated with . escorzonera and cat. escurçonera - the names of Spanish trestle , formed from cat. escurçó , either with ital. scorzone , in turn, derivatives with lat. curtio - “poisonous snake” [4] . According to another version, this name comes from Italy. scorza - "bark" and nera - "black", which refers to the outer color of the roots of Kozelz [5] [6] .
The name of the genus Oporinia , proposed for the cultivar autumn David Don in 1829, is derived from ancient Greek. ὀπωρινός - “the coming summer”, refers to the time of flowering of the plant. This name was used when Scorzoneroides was included in the genus Kulbaba as a section or subgenus.
Taxonomy
In 1794, when included in the genus of the species Leontodon autumnalis, Konrad Mönch in the Methodus book described the genus as follows:
Scorzoneroides.
Inflorescences bisexual. Wrapper obektonicheskaya, leaves tightly pressed. Achenes almost cylindrical, unclear transversely banded. Tuft of marginal seed buds sessile, in middle seedlings with short stem.
[...]
From Apargia different form of the wrapper. Close Scorzonera .
Original text (lat.)Flores hermaphroditi. Calyx inverse conicus: laciniis arcte adpressis. Pericarpia subcylindrica subtilissime transversim striata. Pappus radii sessilis, disci substipitatus.
Ab Apargia differt figura calycis. Scorzonera adfinis.- Moench, C. Methodus plantas horti botanici et agri Marburgensis. - Marburgi, 1794. - Vol. 2. - P. 549. - 780 p.
Synonyms
- Deloderium Cass. , 1827
- Fidelia Sch.Bip. , 1834
- Kalbfussia Sch.Bip., 1833
- Leontodon sect. Annua Boiss. , 1875
- Leontodon sect. Napulifera Boiss., 1875
- Leontodon sect. Oporinia ( D.Don ) WDJKoch , 1837
- Leontodon sect. Oporinoides Ledeb. 1833
- Leontodon sect. Rhizomarii Bisch. , 1851
- Leontodon ser. Annua (Boiss.) Widder , 1975
- Leontodon subg. Kalbfussia (Sch.Bip.) Benth. & Hook.f. , 1873
- Leontodon subg. Oporinia (D.Don) Peterm. , 1849
- Millina Cass., 1824
- Oporinia D.Don, 1829 , nom. superfl.
Systematics
In 1931, Felix Joseph Widder showed that within the large genus Leontodon , two clearly limited groups can be distinguished by the character of the pubescence: plants with anchor-like and multi-section hairs and plants with extremely simple pubescence. He assumed the validity of their construction in independent genera, but up to his last work in 1975 he accepted them in the rank of subgenus [7] .
In 1977, Joseph Golub transferred the Oporinia section of the subgenus Oporinia Widder (including species with simple pubescence) into an independent genus Scorzoneroides , and the species of the Kalbfussia section left Leontodon in the genus, assuming that they should be further divided into another genus [7] .
In 2006, a group of researchers from Vienna led by Rosabella Samuel on the basis of molecular phylogenetic data came to the conclusion that the groups proposed by Widder were monophyletic, and that they should be separated at the genus level. The group with partitioned hairs was closest to the genera Picris and Helminthotheca , while the group with simple pubescence (including Kalbfussia ) was sisterly to the treasure comprising the group and the genus Hypochaeris . At the same time, within the group with simple pubescence, two clades stood out, however, they did not coincide in volume with the Widder sections of Oporinia and Kalbfussia . Later, V. Greuther and co-authors transferred Kalbfussia species to the genus Scorzoneroides [7] [3] .
Types
- Scorzoneroides atlantica ( Ball ) Holub , 1977
- Scorzoneroides autumnalis ( L. ) Moench , 1794 - Autumn Kulbaba
- Scorzoneroides cantabrica ( Widder ) Holub, 1977
- Scorzoneroides carpetana ( Lange ) Greuter , 2006
- Scorzoneroides cichoriacea ( Ten. ) Greuter, 2006
- Scorzoneroides crocea ( Haenke ) Holub, 1977
- Scorzoneroides duboisii ( Sennen ) Greuter, 2006
- Scorzoneroides garnironii ( Emb. & Maire ) Greuter & Talavera , 2006
- Scorzoneroides helvetica ( Mérat ) Holub, 1977
- Scorzoneroides hispidula ( Delile ) Greuter & Talavera, 2006
- Scorzoneroides keretina ( F.Nyl. ) Greuter, 2006
- Scorzoneroides kralikii ( Pomel ) Greuter & Talavera, 2006
- Scorzoneroides laciniata ( Bertol. ) Greuter, 2006
- Scorzoneroides microcephala ( DC. ) Holub, 1977
- Scorzoneroides montana ( Lam. ) Holub, 1977
- Scorzoneroides montaniformis (Widder) Gutermann , 2006
- Scorzoneroides muelleri (Sch.Bip.) Greuter & Talavera, 2006
- Scorzoneroides nevadensis (Lange) Greuter, 2006
- Scorzoneroides oraria (Maire) Greuter & Talavera, 2006
- Scorzoneroides palisiae ( Izuzq. ) Greuter & Talavera, 2006
- Scorzoneroides pseudotaraxaci ( Schur ) Holub, 1977
- Scorzoneroides pyrenaica ( Gouan ) Holub, 1977
- Scorzoneroides rilaensis ( Hayek ) Holub, 1977
- Scorzoneroides salzmannii (Sch.Bip.) Greuter & Talavera, 2006
- Scorzoneroides simplex ( Viv. ) Greuter & Talavera, 2006
Notes
- ↑ About the conditionality of specifying the class of dicotyledons as a higher taxon for the group of plants described in this article, see the section “APG Systems” of the article “Dicotyledons” .
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Sell & Murrell, 2006 .
- 2 1 2 3 Cruz-Mazo et al., 2009 .
- ↑ scorzonera (eng.) . Oxford Dictionaries . Oxford University Press (2018). The appeal date is May 26, 2018.
- ↑ Littré, Émile . scorsonère // Dictionnaire de la langue française. - 2e édition. - 1873-1877.
- ↑ Bugayov I. V. Kozelets (Scorzoner) - Scorzonēra // Scientific and Popular Names of Plants and Fungi: Popular Science Edition . - Tomsk: TML-Press, 2010. - p. 141. - 688 p. - ISBN 5-91302-094-4 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 Greuter et al., 2006 .
Literature
- Sell, P. , Murrell, G. 23. Scorzoneroides Moench // Flora of Great Britain and Ireland. - Cambridge — New York, 2006. - Vol. 4. - P. 100-102. - ISBN 0511169337 .
- Greuter, W. , Gutermann, W., Talavera, S. Alacterium of Scorzoneroides (Compositae, Cichorieae) with the new law of Willdenowia. - 2006. - Vol. 36. - p. 689-692. - DOI : 10.3372 / wi.36.36204 .
- Cruz-Mazo, G., Buide, ML, Samuel, R., Narbona, E. Molecular phylogeny of Scorzoneroides (Asteraceae): Evolution of the unpredictable environments // Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. - 2009. - Vol. 53. - P. 835-847. - DOI : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2009.08.001 .