Ghat (also Gat ; English ghat, ghât ; self-name: tamaziq ) is one of the dialects (or languages) of a subgroup of the eastern tamakak of the northern part of the argentina group of the tuareg branch of the berber family [2] [3] [4] [5] .
| Ghat | |
|---|---|
| Self name | tamaziq [1] |
| Country | Libya |
| Regions | Gat municipality |
| Classification | |
| Category | African languages |
Afro-mase
| |
It is distributed in the desert regions of the Sahara in the west of Libya (on the border with Algeria ) in the southern part of the territory of the Gat municipality (with its center in the Gat oasis) [6] . The number of ghat speakers along with carriers of other idioms of the East Matahak area is about 24 thousand people (2005) [4] .
Content
Classification
Ghat, along with idioms, agzher , hurrichen , timasinin , imanghsathen and others form a group of dialects and / or languages of the East Tamahak language range , opposed to the West Mahahq idioms Akhnet , Taytok , Akhaggar and Issakamaren. In a number of studies of the Tuareg languages, ghats and some other closely related idioms stand out as independent languages, while traditionally they are all regarded as dialects of the same language. In particular, these lexicostatistics allow us to consider Ghats as a dialect of the Eastern Tamakhak language (in other classifications, as a dialect of the Eastern dialect group of the Tamakhak language). As part of the East Hamakhak range of ghats with idioms, azhzher and uragenha form a dialectal unity of ghat-azhzher, opposed to the thimasinin, imangkhassaten dialects, and the Tuareg dialects of the oases of Ghadames and Kufra [4] :
- ghat ajjer:
- ghat; ajzher; hurrichen;
- thymasinin;
- imanghasten;
- Tuareg Ghadames;
- Tuareg Kufry.
According to the classification of the Tuareg languages A. Yu. Aykhenvald and A. Yu. Militareva Ghat, along with the languages close to him, Akhnet and Uragenha are included in the northern group of the Tuareg branch (except for them this group also includes the languages Tamakhak, Air , Feruan , Kel Geres (Geres) and eastern taullemet ) [2] [7] [8] . In the classification published in the work of S. A. Burlak and S. A. Starostin “Comparative-Historical Linguistics”, the Ghat is presented as one of the two languages of the North-Ueregg group along with the Ahaggar language [9] . Also, as one of the languages of the Tuareg branch of the Ghat, it is included in the classification of the Afro-Asian languages of the British linguist Roger Blench [10] .
The Ethnologue Handbook of Languages called Ghat (with variants Janet and Ganet) mentions one of the two dialects (or dialect groups) of the Tamak language [11] .
According to the research data of A. Yu. Militarev, the percentage of etymologically identical units in the list of the main vocabulary between the Ghat language, the Akhggar, Aira language group, the Eastern taullemet and the others is on average 80-84. This figure corresponds to the IV — VI centuries AD. er - the time of the division of the Pratoireg language into dialects. Similar indicators are observed, for example, between Romance languages . A large percentage of coincidences between the languages of Ghat and Akhaggar (87%), while the languages of Aire and Eastern Taullemet have 80% with the language of Ghat, according to A. Yu. Militareva, the significant influence of the Akhaggar language on Ghat, which led to their secondary convergence [5] .
Linguistic characteristics
One of the features of the morphology of the dialect / language of ghat is the absence of the category of status name [2] .
Notes
- ↑ Koryakov Yu. B. Register of Berber-Guanch Languages (Html). The registry of world languages p. 10. Lingvarium. Archived November 26, 2016. (Checked December 9, 2016)
- ↑ 1 2 3 Aikhenvald A.Yu. , Militarev A.Yu. Tuareg Languages // Linguistic Encyclopaedic Dictionary / Editor-in-Chief VN Yartsev . - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1990. - 685 p. - ISBN 5-85270-031-2 . Archived copy . Appeal date December 8, 2016. Archived December 7, 2015.
- ↑ Militarev A.Yu. Berbero-Libyan Languages // Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary / Editor-in-Chief V.N. Yartsev . - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1990. - 685 p. - ISBN 5-85270-031-2 . Archived copy . The appeal date is December 8, 2016. Archived November 25, 2016.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Koryakov Yu. B. Register of Berber-Guanch Languages (Html). The registry of world languages pp. 9-10. Lingvarium. Archived November 26, 2016. (Checked December 9, 2016)
- ↑ 1 2 Lot, Henri . Tuareg Ahaggara = Les touaregs du Hoggar. Per. from French V.A. Nikitin. Postword Yu. M. Kobishchanova and A. Yu. Militareva . / Executive editor Yu. M. Kobishanov . - M .: " Science ", 1989. - 256 p. - ISBN 5-02-016591-3 .
- ↑ Zavadovsky Yu. N. Berber language. - M .: " Science ", 1967. - P. 9-10.
- ↑ Militarev A.Yu. Berbero-Libyan Languages // Great Russian Encyclopedia / Ch. ed. - A. Yu. Osipov . - M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia , 2005. - T. 3. - p. 335-336. - ISBN 5-85270-330-4 . Archived December 9, 2016.
- ↑ Blažek, Václav. Jazyky Afriky v přehledu genetické klasifikace. Libyjsko-berberské jazyky (Czech) (pdf) S. 9-10. Masarykova univerzita . Filozofická fakulta (2009). Archived June 7, 2013. (Checked December 9, 2016)
- ↑ Burlak S. A. , Starostin S. A. Appendix 1. Genetic classification of world languages. Afrasian (= Semitokhamitic) languages // Comparative-historical linguistics. - M .: Academia , 2005. - p. 338-334. - ISBN 5-7695-1445-0 . (Checked December 9, 2016) Archived copy . The date of circulation is December 9, 2016. Archived July 10, 2012.
- ↑ Blench, Roger. The Afro-Asiatic Languages. Classification and Reference List ( pdf) P. 13. Cambridge: Roger Blench Website. Publications (2006). Archived May 23, 2013. (Checked December 9, 2016)
- ↑ Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, Charles D. Fennig: Tamahaq, Tahaggart. A language of Algeria . Ethnologue: Languages of the World (19th Edition) . Dallas: SIL International (2016). Archived November 25, 2016. (Checked December 9, 2016)
Literature
- . Dialecte de Ghat // Revue africaine: journal des travaux de la Société Historique Algérienne, 8. - 1864. - P. 396.
- Krause, Gottlob Adolf . Proben der Sprache von Ghat in der Sáhara, mit haussanischer und deutscher Übersetzung. - Leipzig: , 1884. - 82 p.
- Nehlil, Mohammad. Étude sur le dialecte de Ghat // Publ. de l'Ecole des Lettres d'Alger; Bulletin de correspondance africaine, 38. - Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1909. - P. 238.
Links
- Ghat (English) (html). MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships (2009). Archived December 9, 2016. (Checked December 9, 2016)
- Hammarström, Harald & Forkel, Robert & Haspelmath, Martin & Bank, Sebastian: Dialect: Ghat (Eng.) . . Jena: (2016). Archived December 9, 2016. (Checked December 9, 2016)
- & Haspelmath, Martin : Language Tuareg (Ghat) (Eng.) . The World Atlas of Language Structures . Archived December 9, 2016. (Checked December 9, 2016)