West Chad languages (also West Chad proper , West Chadian sub-branch A ; English west chadic sub-branch A ) is one of two language sub-branches of the West Chadian branch of the Chadian family . The area of distribution of all languages except Hausa is the north-eastern and central regions of Nigeria (Hausa is also distributed throughout northern Nigeria, in Niger , Benin , Burkina Faso , Côte d'Ivoire , Chad , Sudan , Cameroon , Ghana and others countries). Four groups are distinguished in the West Chadian branch: Hausa , Angas , Ron and Bole-Tangale [1] [2] [3] [4] .
| West Chadian languages | |
|---|---|
| Taxon | sub-branch |
| Area | Nigeria |
| Classification | |
| Category | African languages |
Afrasian macro family
| |
| Structure | |
| house groups Angas , Ron and Bole Tangale | |
| Language group codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | - |
| ISO 639-5 | - |
In the framework of the Western Chadian language association, the Western Chadian languages are opposed by the Bauchi-Bade languages (or sub-languages B) [1] [5] [6] .
Classification
The Western Chadian sub-branch is represented by the following languages and dialects [1] [2] [3] [4] :
- Hausa group: Hausa with dialects of Kano, Katsina, Sokoto, Zaria, Hadezhia, Damagar, Gobir and others, Gwandara with dialects of Karshi, Tsantsara, Tony, Guitar, Koro, Nimbia;
- Angassian group :
- subgroup sura angas :
- angas (ngas) , chakfem (chakfem-musher) , jorto , kofyar cluster (including kofyar , miryam (mernyang) , dimmuk (doemak) , kvalla (quagallack) , ball (bvol) , gvoram and jeepal ), chip (miship) , surah (mvaghavul, mupun) ;
- Goemai (Ankve) , Koenoy (Kanam) , Montol (Teel) , Pyapun , Tal ;
- subset of herka : herka (yiv) ;
- subgroup sura angas :
- ron group:
- Ron subgroup: Ron cluster (chala, challa) (including bokos (bokkos, chala) , daffo (daffo butura) , shagawa (manguna, nafunfya) and mangars ), sha , cooler , karfa (duhva) , mundat ;
- subgroup of fier : fier , tambas ;
- Bole-tangle group (Bole-tangle) :
- Bole subgroup (northern) : Karekare , Storm , Bole (boleva, bolanchi) , Beele , Deno , Galambu , Gera , Geruma (Gerumava) , Kirfi (Guiwo) , Kholok , Cubi , Maha (Maagha, Maaka) , Ngamo , Nyam , Daza
- Tangale subgroup (southern) : dera (kanakuru) , kushi (goji) , kutto (kupto) , kwami (kwami) , feather , piya-konchi (piya, vurkum) , tangale (tangle) .
The Western Chadian sub-branch names are used in the classification of Chadian languages published in the work of S. A. Burlak and S. A. Starostin “Comparative Historical Linguistics” [1] . In the classifications of Chadian languages presented in the directory of the languages of the world Ethnologue (author - ) and in the works of the British linguist Roger Blench , the West Chadian sub-branch has the name sub-branch A. In the classifications proposed in the article by V. Y. Porhomovsky “Chadian Languages” ( linguistic encyclopedic dictionary ) [7] , in the Ethnologue reference book and in other publications, four groups are distinguished in the West Chadian sub-branch: Hausa, Angas, Ron and Bole-Tangale. According to the Ethnologue handbook, group A.2 (Bole-Tangale) is divided into subgroups Bole (Karekare language and actually more languages) and Tangale (Dera language and Tangale proper languages), group A.3 (Angas) forms two subgroups - Angas proper and yivom (Gerka) [3] [8] . In the Roger Blench classification, sub-sub languages A are divided into three groups: house, ron, and a large group, including subgroups of angas and more. Both subgroups consist of two language associations. The Angas subgroup includes: a) the Ngas (Angas) language; language mvaghavul (sura), chakfem-mushera and others; languages goemai, koenoym and others; b) the language of Yiv (Herka). The Bole subgroup includes: a) Northern languages - Karekare; languages of hera, gerum and others; languages Bole, Ngamo and others; b) - Southern languages - Kwaami, feather and others; language dera [2] [5] . The Czech linguist Vaclav Blazek , like Roger Blench, combines the languages of Angas and Bole into one group [4] . In the publication by S. A. Burlak and S. A. Starostin, “Comparative Historical Linguistics,” the Angas group corresponds to the sura-herk group with the subgroups of sura-angas and herka-kofyar [1] .
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Burlak S. A. , Starostin S. A. Appendix 1. Genetic classification of world languages. Afrasian (= Semitochamite) languages // Comparative-historical linguistics. - M .: Academia , 2005 .-- S. 338—341. - ISBN 5-7695-1445-0 . (Retrieved December 6, 2016) Archived copy . Date of treatment December 6, 2016. Archived July 10, 2012.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Blench, Roger. The Afro-Asiatic Languages. Classification and Reference List (pdf) P. 4-6. Cambridge: Roger Blench Website. Publications (2006). Archived May 23, 2013. (Retrieved December 6, 2016)
- ↑ 1 2 3 Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, Charles D. Fennig: Afro-Asiatic. Chadic. West. A (English) . Ethnologue: Languages of the World (19th Edition) . Dallas: SIL International (2016). Archived December 6, 2016. (Retrieved December 6, 2016)
- ↑ 1 2 3 Blažek, Václav. Jazyky Afriky v přehledu genetické klasifikace. Čadské jazyky (Czech) (pdf) S. 12. Masarykova univerzita . Filozofická fakulta (2009). Archived on June 7, 2013. (Retrieved December 6, 2016)
- ↑ 1 2 Blench, Roger. 3rd. Edition: An Atlas of Nigerian Langages (English) (pdf) P. 100-102. Cambridge: Roger Blench Website. Publications (2012). Archived on November 28, 2016. (Retrieved December 6, 2016)
- ↑ Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, Charles D. Fennig: Afro-Asiatic. Chadic Ethnologue: Languages of the World (19th Edition) . Dallas: SIL International (2016). Archived on November 29, 2016. (Retrieved December 6, 2016)
- ↑ Porhomovsky V. Ya. Chad Languages // Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary / Editor-in-chief V. N. Yartseva . - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1990 .-- 685 p. - ISBN 5-85270-031-2 . Archived copy . Date of treatment December 6, 2016. Archived December 25, 2012.
- ↑ 36. Hausa and the Chadic Languages // The World's Major Languages / Edited by Bernard Comrie . - Second Edition. - London: Routledge , 2009. - P. 619 - Table 36.1 The Chadic Language Family (Inventory and Classification). - ISBN 0-203-30152-8 .
Links
- West Chadic A (English) (html). MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships (2009). Archived December 6, 2016. (Retrieved December 6, 2016)
- Hammarström, Harald & Forkel, Robert & Haspelmath, Martin & Bank, Sebastian: Subfamily: West Chadic A (English) . . Jena: (2016). Archived December 6, 2016. (Retrieved December 6, 2016)