Ethnic socialization

Ethnic socialization is the process of integrating an individual into an ethnic group or multi-ethnic society in the process of assimilation and reproduction of the values, attitudes and social experience of the ethnic group to which the individual belongs. The process of socialization can be mono-ethnic, that is, carried out within only one ethnic group, or multi-ethnic, which means that the individual in the course of socialization has to deal with representatives of various ethnic groups.

Content

Components of Ethnic Socialization

I.S. Kon , within the framework of the concept of cultural transmission, considers the components of ethnic socialization. At the same time, cultural transmission is a certain kind of mechanism by which an ethnic group transfers its key ethnocultural characteristics to new members. Thus, I.S. Cohn identifies the following components of ethnic socialization: subjective, objective, procedural, and institutional. ^[one]

Subjective component - characterizes the agents from whom and to whom the culture is transmitted. Ethnic socialization agents can be parents, guardians, educators, relatives, adults, peers, etc.
An objective component - characterizes what exactly is transmitted to new members of an ethnic group in the course of socialization. Ethnic socialization is seen as the process of transferring values and their hierarchy, social norms, behavior patterns, norms of non-verbal communication, as well as cultural expressions such as language, folklore, national cuisine, folk crafts, etc.
The process component - characterizes how socialization is implemented, that is, the universal phases of entry into society, in this case, the phases of ethnic socialization.
Institutional component - characterizes the social institutions involved in the process of ethnic socialization. Such institutions may include: family, school, religion, QMS, the Internet, etc.

Ethnic Socialization Phases

Adaptation is the phase during which the individual adapts to the norms and traditions of his ethnic group and masters its basic cultural elements. The main task at this stage of ethnic socialization is to be like everyone else ^[2] . Moreover, a person defines himself through the formula “I am the same as those around me” ^[3] .
Individualization - the individual has a desire to isolate his personality and emphasize his individuality. The main task at this stage of ethnic socialization is to not be like everyone else ^[2] , the individual reproduces the acquired ethnocultural experience in individual forms. At this stage, the individual has the freedom of internal choice in the field of ethnic identity. Self-identification takes place according to the formula: "I am the same as my people." ^[3]
Integration - is to achieve a balance between the desire for adaptation and isolation. In the course of integration, a balance is established between the individual needs of the individual and social requirements, the individual purposefully builds interaction with representatives of other ethnic groups and is fully aware of his ethnicity. The formation of an ethnic worldview is taking place, a person begins to perceive himself from the perspective of “I am a representative of my people” ^[3] . .

Petrovsky A.V. establishes a correspondence between the phases of ethnic socialization and age periods: childhood (adaptation), adolescence (individualization) and youth (integration). ^[2]

In turn, J. Piaget believes that the first phase of ethnic socialization occurs at the age of 6-7 years, when the child acquires the first knowledge of ethnicity, the second at the age of 8-9 years with the development of the child's national feelings, and the third - in 10-11 years ^[4] , completing the process of formation of ethnic identity. However, despite the fact that the formation of ethnic self-awareness takes place mainly in childhood and adolescence, in some cases, changes can occur in adulthood.

Ethnic Socialization Results

Depending on how the process of ethnic socialization went, the results may be different. There are three main options for completing the process: successful ethnic socialization, incomplete ethnic socialization, and ethnic desocialization.

Successful ethnic socialization. The result is an ethnosocialized person who clearly recognizes himself as a representative of an ethnic group , recognizes the value of cultural diversity, has developed tolerance and is ready for an interethnic dialogue.
Incomplete ethnic socialization occurs in a situation where ethnic identity is not well defined and a person is prone to losing the values of his ethnic group .
Ethnic desocialization is characterized by a lack of tolerance towards other ethnic groups, rejection of their values and lifestyle, a tendency to isolationism and ethnofanatism. ^[five]

Notes

↑ Kon I.S. Child and Society .. - M.: Academy, 2003. - 336 p.
↑ ¹ ² ³ Petrovsky A.V. To be a Person / A.V. Petrovsky .. - M.: Pedagogy, 1990. - P. 112. - ISBN 5-7155-0156-3 .
↑ ¹ ² ³ Erickson E. Identity: Youth and Crisis: Per. from English / E. Erickson .. - M.: Flint: MPSI: Progress., 2006. - P. 352.
↑ Piaget J. Speech and thinking of a child .. - L.: Medicine, 1932. - S. 412.
↑ Stefanenko T. G. Ethnopsychology / T. G. Stefanenko. - M.: Aspect Press, 2003 .-- 368 p.

Literature

Dagbaeva S. B. The essence, content, psychological mechanisms and effects of ethnic socialization of a person // Uchenye zapiski Zabaykalsky State University. Series: pedagogy and psychology. - 2014. No. 5 (58). - S. 110-116. - ISSN: 2308-8788.
Dagbaeva S.B. Ethnic socialization of the young generation in a changing world // Humanitarian vector. 2012. No. 1 (29). S. 240-246.
Dagbaeva S.B. Ethnic socialization of personality: psychological effects and patterns // Psychology in Economics and Management. - 2015. - T. 7, No. 2. P. 121-129. - DOI: 10.17150 / 2225-7845.2015.7 (2) .121-129
Shamionov R.M. On the problem of ethnic socialization / R. M. Shamionov // Man. Community. Control. - 2009. - No. 3. - S. 66–76.