Chiropterophily (Chiropterophily) - the phenomenon of pollination of flowers by bats . Chiropterophilic flowers are characterized by night bloom, plentiful allocation of an unpleasantly smelling nectar . Inflorescences , as a rule, are strongly exposed from the crown [1] [2] .
Content
Distribution
More than 500 species of tropical plants are pollinated by bats ( Chiroptera ), which feed on nectar or pollen [1] [3] [4] .
Description
Bats pollinated flowers tend to be large and showy, white or light colored, open at night and have strong musty odors. They are often large and bell-shaped with a large lump of stamens. Flowers are usually removed from the trunk [5] . Bats drink nectar, and these plants usually secrete nectar for extended periods of time. Animals conduct an initial search for flowers using scent, vision and echolocation, and use excellent spatial memory to visit them [6] . In fact, bats can identify nectar-forming flowers using echolocation [6] . In the New World, flowers pollinated by bats often contain sulfur compounds, but this does not apply to other parts of the world [7] . Plants pollinated by bats have larger pollen than other related species [8] [9] .
See also
- Chiropterology
- Ornithophilia
- Pollination
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 Tschapka M, Dressler S. 2002. Chiropterophily: on bat-flowers and flower bats. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 19: 114-125.
- ↑ Heithaus ER 1982. Coevolution between bats and plants. In: Kunz TH ed. Ecology of bats. New York: Plenum Press, 287-325.
- ↑ Vogel S. 1969. Chiropterophilie in der neotropischen Flora. II. Flora 158: 185-222.
- ↑ Bat-loving Flowers . britannica.com
- ↑ The evolution of bat pollination: a phylogenetic perspective (Eng.) // Annals of Botany : journal. - Vol. 104 . - P. 1017-1043 . - DOI : 10.1093 / aob / mcp197 .
- ↑ 1 2 Von Helversen D., MW Holderied, O. Von Helversen. Echoes of bat-pollinated bell-shaped flowers: conspicuous for nectar-feeding bats? (English) // The Journal of Experimental Biology : journal. - The Company of Biologists 2003. - Vol. 206 , no. 6 . - P. 1025-1034 . - DOI : 10.1242 / jeb.00203 . - PMID 12582145 .
- ↑ Pettersson S., F Ervik., JT Knudsen. Floral scent of bat-pollinated species: West Africa vs. the New World // Biological Journal of the Linnean Society : journal. - 2004. - Vol. 82 , no. 2 . - P. 161-168 . - DOI : 10.1111 / j.1095-8312.2004.00317.x . Archived on September 4, 2012.
- ↑ Stroo, A. Pollen morphological evolution in bat pollinated plants (English) // Plant Systematics and Evolution : journal. - Springer , 2000. - Vol. 222 , no. 1-4 . - P. 225-242 . - DOI : 10.1007 / BF00984104 .
- ↑ Ivonne Sanmartin-Gajardo and Marlies Sazima. (2005). Chiropterophily in Sinningieae (Gesneriaceae): Sinningia brasiliensis and Paliavana prasinata are bat-pollinated, but P. sericiflora is not. Not yet? Ann Bot. 2005 Jun; 95 (7): 1097-1103. Published online 2005 Mar 29. doi: 10.1093 / aob / mci124 PMCID: PMC4246896 PMID: 15797896
Literature
- Fegri K., Pale L. van der , Fundamentals of pollination ecology, trans. from English - M., 1982.
- Tschapka M, Dressler S. 2002. Chiropterophily: on bat-flowers and flower bats. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 19: 114-125.
- Vogel S. 1969. Chiropterophilie in der neotropischen Flora. II. Flora 158: 185-222.
Links
- Bat-loving Flowers . britannica.com