Oshutyalya III

The archeology monument is located east of the southern part of the village of Oshutyali , on the dune of the right bank of the Yushut river. The area of ​​the monument is 0.3 ha ^[1] . 600 m to the north-north-west of the same village is the settlement of Oshutyaly II ^[1] .

The monument was unveiled in 1990 by a squad of the Medieval Expedition of Mari State University , located 200 m south-west of the village of Oshutyali, Zvenigovsky district of the Mari El Republic, on a low hibernation of the right bank of the Yushut River (the right tributary of the Ilet River ). Hollowly descending into the floodplain, a heavily forested settlement site rises 5 m above the riverbed, flowing 80 m to the north-east. On the surface of the dune, a compact group of 10 deep rounded hollows left by ancient buildings was recorded.

In 1996, an expedition led by B. S. Solovyov studied 268 m² in the central part of the monument. The daily level of the excavation, with the exception of the sites occupied by the forest road crossing the settlement, is a dense sod-podzolic cover (4–6 cm), underlain by a layer of loose gray forest podzol (5–32 cm). Below was a cultural layer - caked unevenly colored dark brown gummed sand up to 40 cm thick. Within the pits of buildings, it reached a thickness of 60-100 cm, distinguished by a more saturated color and abundant ash-carbon inclusions. The mainland consisted of light yellow sand with an uneven upper border and numerous traces of roots.

In the excavation, the remains of four frame buildings stretched along the coastline were uncovered.

Several pillar pits have been identified in the inter-housing space. Some of them form clusters, in particular, 8 holes from columns of small diameter are traced in the southeast corner of the excavation. Perhaps in antiquity there was a canopy adjacent to the building 1.

The stone objects collected in the settlement totaled 336 units, of which 312 were flakes, chips, small flakes, amorphous nucleiculate pieces, fragments of the gall cortex, nodules of river pebbles, fragments of granite-gneiss rocks, etc. A few tools are inexpressive: fragment of arrowhead 2 knives on flat flakes with carelessly retouched blades (2 coarse plates without traces of secondary processing could also be used as knives), 11 scraping items of random shapes with an unsystematic arrangement of the working edge (Mostly flakes with irregular portions retouching), 5 terochnikov, bump with traces potholes.

Ceramic material includes two cultural-chronological groups of vessels. The first includes about 30 fragments from 6 flat-bottomed porous pots with a high bent neck, slightly swollen body, and a thickened flat corolla. The ornament, drawn by cutting, drawing, impressions of the serrated stamp, consists of horizontal zones of inclined segments, repeating lines and zigzags, a number of protruding “pearls” are required under the rim. The closest analogies are found on monuments such as Zaimishche II, III, Novo-Mordovo II, III. Judging by the conditions of occurrence, the loan ware is earlier in relation to the buildings.

The second group of ceramics, synchronous to the dwellings, has an admixture of sand, chamotte and crushed shells. 66 vessels have been identified, of which 19 are represented by well-preserved upper parts. Judging by the debris from about 42 flat bottoms, basically, the dishes were flat-bottomed.

Several stable forms are distinguished:

• Pots with a smoothly bent short neck and moderately bloated, tapering to the bottom, body - 42 specimens, 1 of them with high convex, the rest with relatively low, round shoulders. In 20 vessels, the corolla is in the form of a flat, suspended collar, in 11 - roundish, in 9 - beveled outward, in 8 - flat, in 1 - with a swell-like influx.
• Smoothly shaped pots with a cylindrical throat and slightly convex shoulders - 1 copy. Corollas are rounded-pointed (1 copy) or flat (3 copy).
• Jar-cupped with a slightly covered mouth - 3 specimens, of which one has a rounded-pointed corolla, two are flat.
• Of the 17 vessels of an indefinite shape, represented by small fragments of the necks, 13 have a collar, 1 has a side beveled outward.

98.8% of vessels are ornamented. Various impressions were most often used: round, drop-shaped, triangular, with “torn” edges, hollow tubular (they made 37.2% of all the motifs taken into account in the compositions), cutting and drawing — 31.3%, prints of a long and small drop-shaped dentate - 28.0%, very rarely - imprints of a rope or an ornament imitating it (0.5%).

32 motifs are highlighted. Under the corolla, a series of round pits (26.4% of the total number of motifs taken into account in the compositions), sometimes in combination with teardrop-shaped impressions (7.7%), there are groups of two, three pits. Some vessels are ornamented only with this element. Below, combinations from alternating zones of horizontal single, double or triple lines (23.2%), multi-row zigzags (17.3%), zones of beveled segments (11.4%), oblique narrow bands (3.2%) and wide inclined grating (1.5%). Geometrical figures: carelessly executed horizontally positioned hatched rhombuses (0.7%), triangles (2.8%), including interpenetrating (0.5%) and close to them “flags” (0.8%) are relatively rare, as well as horizontal Christmas trees (0.9%) and vertical zigzags (0.4%). The most diverse are decorated pot-shaped containers of the first type, the least - can-cup-shaped.

The complex under consideration is identical to the Volga Atabaevsky order culture such as Kartashikha I, Atabaevo and others, dating from the last quarter of the II millennium BC. e. He finds significant similarities with the “collar” flat-bottomed materials of the Late Bronze Age of the Lower Prikamye.

Suddenly, the results of a species determination of bones from the buildings of the Oshutyal III settlement carried out by the doctor of biological sciences A. G. Petrenko look. Only wild species were diagnosed: 3 individuals of an elk at the age of three to five years and 1 individual of a bear; there are no domestic animals common on the monuments of the Late Bronze Age of the Volga-Kamya.

• Soloviev B.S. Bronze Age of the Mari Volga. Yoshkar-Ola, 2000.S. 134-138.
• Soloviev B.S., Novikov A.V. Oshutyal III settlement - a new monument of the Late Bronze Age in the Mari Volga region. // New archaeological discoveries in the Middle Volga region: Collection of articles. Yoshkar-Ola, 2000.P. 19-27.